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Polymers
Volume 15
Issue 2
10.3390/polym15020320
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Article

Complex Impedance and Modulus Analysis on Porous and Non-Porous Scaffold Composites Due to Effect of Hydroxyapatite/Starch Proportion

by
Chong You Beh
1,
Ee Meng Cheng
2,3,
Xiao Jian Tan
4,5,6,*,
Nashrul Fazli Mohd Nasir
2,6,
Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid
7,
Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir
7,
Shing Fhan Khor
8,
Kim Yee Lee
9 and
Che Wan Sharifah Robiah Mohamad
2
1
Department of Engineering and Built Environment, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Penang Branch, Pulau Pinang 11200, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 02600, Malaysia
3
Advanced Communication Engineering (ACE) Centre of Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 02600, Malaysia
4
Centre for Multimodal Signal Processing, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology (TAR UMT), Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia
5
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology (TAR UMT), Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia
6
Sports Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 02600, Malaysia
7
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 02600, Malaysia
8
Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 02600, Malaysia
9
Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Sungai Long Campus, Jalan Sungai Long, Tunku Abdul Rahman University, Kajang, Cheras, Sungai Long City 43000, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2023, 15(2), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020320
Submission received: 1 December 2022 / Revised: 30 December 2022 / Accepted: 3 January 2023 / Published: 8 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymers: Recent Progress and New Perspectives II)
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Abstract

This study aims to investigate the electric responses (complex modulus and complex impedance analysis) of hydroxyapatite/starch bone scaffold as a function of hydroxyapatite/starch proportion and the microstructural features. Hence, the non-porous and porous hydroxyapatite/starch composites were fabricated with various hydroxyapatite/starch proportions (70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, 30/70, 20/80, and 10/90 wt/wt%). Microstructural analysis of the porous hydroxyapatite/starch composites was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy. It shows that the formation of hierarchical porous microstructures with high porosity is more significant at a high starch proportion. The complex modulus and complex impedance analysis were conducted to investigate the electrical conduction mechanism of the hydroxyapatite/starch composites via dielectric spectroscopy within a frequency range from 5 MHz to 12 GHz. The electrical responses of the hydroxyapatite/starch composites are highly dependent on the frequency, material proportion, and microstructures. High starch proportion and highly porous hierarchical microstructures enhance the electrical responses of the hydroxyapatite/starch composite. The material proportion and microstructure features of the hydroxyapatite/starch composites can be indirectly reflected by the simulated electrical parameters of the equivalent electrical circuit models.
Keywords: hydroxyapatite; starch; porous composite; complex electric modulus; complex electric impedance hydroxyapatite; starch; porous composite; complex electric modulus; complex electric impedance

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MDPI and ACS Style

Beh, C.Y.; Cheng, E.M.; Tan, X.J.; Mohd Nasir, N.F.; Abdul Majid, M.S.; Mohd Jamir, M.R.; Khor, S.F.; Lee, K.Y.; Mohamad, C.W.S.R. Complex Impedance and Modulus Analysis on Porous and Non-Porous Scaffold Composites Due to Effect of Hydroxyapatite/Starch Proportion. Polymers 2023, 15, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020320

AMA Style

Beh CY, Cheng EM, Tan XJ, Mohd Nasir NF, Abdul Majid MS, Mohd Jamir MR, Khor SF, Lee KY, Mohamad CWSR. Complex Impedance and Modulus Analysis on Porous and Non-Porous Scaffold Composites Due to Effect of Hydroxyapatite/Starch Proportion. Polymers. 2023; 15(2):320. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020320

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beh, Chong You, Ee Meng Cheng, Xiao Jian Tan, Nashrul Fazli Mohd Nasir, Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid, Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir, Shing Fhan Khor, Kim Yee Lee, and Che Wan Sharifah Robiah Mohamad. 2023. "Complex Impedance and Modulus Analysis on Porous and Non-Porous Scaffold Composites Due to Effect of Hydroxyapatite/Starch Proportion" Polymers 15, no. 2: 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020320

APA Style

Beh, C. Y., Cheng, E. M., Tan, X. J., Mohd Nasir, N. F., Abdul Majid, M. S., Mohd Jamir, M. R., Khor, S. F., Lee, K. Y., & Mohamad, C. W. S. R. (2023). Complex Impedance and Modulus Analysis on Porous and Non-Porous Scaffold Composites Due to Effect of Hydroxyapatite/Starch Proportion. Polymers, 15(2), 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020320

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