Stabilization of Essential Oil: Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery System with Plant-like Structure Based on Biomimetic Concept
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Drug Delivery System and Plant-Like Structure in Relation to the Biomimetic Concept
- Ground tissues, such as parenchymal cells, mesophyll cells, and suberized cells. In ground tissues, EOs are in the form of small droplets. The micromorphology of ground tissues demonstrates that the oil droplets are shielded by layers of cell walls because either cell grids containing several oil droplets in the tissue space or the oil droplets are surrounded by adjacent cells [19,20].
- External secretory tissues, such as glandular hairs and secretory epidermis. In external secretory tissues, the droplets of EO exist in the subcuticular storage cavities of secretory cells [21]. In parallel, there are non-cellulosic polysaccharides secreted with EO and transported to the cavity space [22]. Hence, the movement of EO molecules is limited by the heterogenous environment and cuticle barrier. There are various secretory structures in terms of micromorphology, but droplets of EO can be seen that were stored in cavities formed through isolation of the cuticular layer of the epidermis.
- Internal secretory tissues, such as the oil cell, oil chamber, vitta, resin canal, laticifer, etc. In internal secretory tissues, EO exists in the oil cavity bounded by vacuolization during secretion [23]. Hence, the oil drops have multiprotection. The multiprotection given to the oil drops is comprehensively provided by secretory cell walls, fluid of vacuoles, other secretions such as latex, adjacent secretory cells, and ground tissues.
- Emulsification: biomimetic carrier technology based on the protection of heterogeneous dispersion.
- Encapsulation: Biomimetic carrier technology based on the protection of independent micro/nano-unitization.
- Solidification: Biomimetic technology based on multiprotection effects.
3. Applications of Polysaccharide-Based Drug Carriers in Stabilization of Essential Oil
3.1. Applications of Polysaccharide Materials in Essential Oil Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems Based on Emulsification
3.1.1. Gum Arabic
3.1.2. Others
3.2. Applications of Polysaccharide Materials in Essential Oil Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems Based on Encapsulation
3.2.1. Starch
3.2.2. Cellulose
3.2.3. Chitosan
- Bioadhesion: Since chitosan can be protonated in acidic conditions, it can adhere to the surface of various negatively charged cell membranes such as red blood cells and mucosal cells. Then, it can swell to form an in vivo–in situ smart gel [61], resulting in a hemostasis effect, mucoadhesion, targeted drug delivery, and other drug properties. It can also capture bacteria through this electrostatic attraction and synergistically improve the microorganism inhibition of EO.
3.2.4. Others
3.3. Applications of Polysaccharide Materials in Essential Oil Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems Based on Solidification
3.3.1. Sodium Alginate
3.3.2. Pectin
3.3.3. Pullulan
3.3.4. Others
4. Abilities and Potential of Polysaccharides in Stabilization of Essential Oil
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Dosage Form | Polysaccharides Available | Foundation of EO Stabilization | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emulsification | Microemulsion | Gum arabic, pectin | The EO is isolated in a core stabilized by polymeric interfacial film and heterogenous medium. | Self-assembly EO used directly as oil phase Easy to solidify | Weak storage stability Relies on traditional surfactants |
Nanoemulsion | EO used directly as oil phase Easy to solidify | Thermodynamically instable Unable to self-assemble | |||
Pickering emulsion | Self-assembly EO used directly as oil phase Easy to solidify Safe stabilizer | Weak storage stability | |||
Encapsulation | Microcapsule | Gum arabic, starch, cellulose, chitosan, sodium alginate, pectin, pullulan | The polysaccharides build a core-shell structure to restrict the oil droplets’ movement via a rigid wall or matrix trapping | Designable and rich in form Strong targeting Easy to solidify | Relies on toxic cross-linking agents, organic solvents, etc. Unstable in vivo |
Nanocapsule | |||||
Microsphere | EO is distributed on the surface of the polymeric carrier and sheltered in it | ||||
Nanoparticle | |||||
Micelle | |||||
Solidification | Gel | Sodium alginate, pectin, pullulan | EO is further fixed on the polymeric network since the polysaccharides increase the solidity of the intermediate carrier | Easy to store Strong protective ability | Low LC% |
Film |
Polysaccharides | Essential Oil | Dosage Form | Stability | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gum Arabic | Cinnamon Oil | Microemulsion | Particle size and PDI of microemulsion prepared with whey protein were basically unchanged within 7 days at 21 °C. | [93] |
Gum Arabic | Du Liang Fang Essential Oil | Microemulsion Lyophilized Powder | Ligustilide content was basically unchanged within 1 month of accelerated stability test and 3 months of long-term stability test. Ligustilide content was 2.7 times that of EO in high-temperature test and 6 times that of EO in light exposure test. | [94] |
Gum Arabic | Angelica Essential Oil | Microcapsule | Cumulative release was 1.5 times lower than that of EO Ligustilide and atractylodes contents were 1.25 and 1.38 times that of EO in high-temperature test, and 1.75 and 1.77 times that of EO in high-humidity test. | [95] |
Gum Arabic | Pepper Oil | Microcapsule | In vitro release lasted for 6 h, and the endpoint was at 80%. Weight loss was 7.25 times less than that of EO at 200 °C in TGA. The retention rate always exceeded 50% at pH 2–8, and exceeded 70% at ionic strength of 0–320 nM. | [96] |
Gum Arabic | Thyme Essential Oil | Microemulsion-Microcapsule | In vitro release lasted for 24 h and the cumulative release endpoint of gum arabic–cyclodextrin was about 5% lower than that of cyclodextrin. | [40] |
OSA Gum Arabic | Cinnamon Oil | Microemulsion | Particle size and dispersion index (PDI) were basically unchanged within 7 days at 4 °C, and the emulsion was not broken. | [44] |
OSA Starch | Ginger Oil | Microcapsule | Changes in iodine value and peroxide value were 7 and 5 times less than EO in high-temperature test, 2 and 5 times less than EO in high-humidity test, and 7.5 and 2.6 times less than EO in light exposure test. | [47] |
Porous Starch | Tangerine Peel Oil | Absorber | Volatilization of limonene lasted for 36 h. The decomposition peak reached around 100 °C in TGA. | [49] |
Corn starch | Garlic Essential Oil | Self-Assembler (Mixture of Dried Powder) | DADS content was 2 times that of EO after storage at 50 °C for 12 days. Weight loss was 5–10 times less than that of EO at 200 °C in TGA. | [97] |
Potato Starch | ||||
OSA Starch | Amomum Tsaoko Essential Oil | Microcapsule | Weight loss was 16 times less than that of EO at 200 °C in TGA. | [98] |
Ethyl Cellulose | Babchi Essential Oil | Porous Microspheres | The total drug content was basically unchanged after storage at 40 °C and 75% humidity for 90 days. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve showed that the heat release peak was lower and blunter than that of EO. Change in absorbance was 1.75 times less than that of EO after light exposure for 1 h. | [51] |
Sodium Cellulose Starch | Lemongrass Essential Oil | Microspheres | Weight loss was only 2% within 250 °C in TGA. | [55] |
Chitosan | Lemongrass Essential Oil | Nanoparticle | In vitro release curve growth over 60 days and endpoint below 50% Weight loss was 7.2 times less than that of EO at 200 °C in TGA. | [58] |
Chitosan | Clove Oil | Pickering Emulsion | The breaking of emulsion was delayed as chitosan concentration increased. Same appearance after storage at 25–55 °C for 48 h. No oil leakage when pH under 6. Same antibacterial effect after 5 pH cycles. | [59] |
Chitosan | Magnolia Essential Oil | Microspheres | Volatilization was 12 times less than that in EO. | [61] |
Chitosan | Ocimum gratissimum Essential Oil | Nanoparticle | In vitro release lasted for 24 h, and the endpoint was below 80%. | [62] |
Chitosan | Angelica Essential Oil | Microcapsule | In vitro dissolution for 1 h was 9 times less than that of EO. | [65] |
Chitosan | Clove Oil | In vitro dissolution for 1 h was 2 times less than that of EO. | ||
Chitosan + Sodium Alginate | Atractylodes rhizome Essential Oil | Microcapsule | Simulated release curve of gastric juice and intestinal juice showed that EO is pH-resistant. The EO decomposition peak reached around 400 °C in TGA. | [73] |
Sodium Alginate | DSC curve showed that the EO decomposition peak reached 420 °C. | |||
Sodium Alginate | Eucalyptus Essential Oil | Inclusion-Gel | Gel dissolution process lasted for 12–24 h in vivo. | [71] |
Sodium Alginate | Cinnamon oil | Adsorber-Gel Microspheres | In vitro releases were significantly slower than those of EO at different pH levels. Weight loss was 3 times less than that of EO at 200 °C in TGA. | [74] |
Sodium Alginate | Nutmeg Essential oil | Microcapsule | Centrifugal stability index increased as sodium alginate concentration increased. | [75] |
Sodium Alginate | Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Essential Oil | Microcapsule | In vitro release lasted for 24 h and endpoint was below 80%. Weight loss was 5 times less than that of EO at 200 °C in TGA. | [76] |
Sodium Alginate | Osmanthus Essential Oil | Nanocapsule | The weight loss temperature of EO was doubled in TGA. In vitro release lasted for 2 h at 105 °C and the final weight loss was 18 times less than that of EO. | [77] |
Sodium Alginate | Thyme Oil | Composite Microcapsule | In vitro release lasted for 60 days and endpoint was 2–4 times less than that of EO. The cumulative release of 2-, 4-, and 6-layer composite microcapsule samples was about 2, 3.5, and 5.2 times less than that of EO after 5 h heating. | [78] |
Sodium Alginate | Coriandrum sativum L. Essential Oil | Microcapsule | In vitro release lasted for 4.5 h and endpoint was below 80%. | [99] |
HM Pectin | Orange Oil | Nanocapsule | TSI of high-concentration pectin was basically unchanged after storage for 18 days. | [81] |
HM Pectin | Pink Pepper Oil | Microcapsule | The drug contents were, on average, half those of EO after storage for 20 days. | [84] |
HM Pectin | Jasmine Oil | Nanoparticle | Thermal stability was 1.64 times that of EO in TGA. | [85] |
HM Pectin | Lemon Oil | Emugel | Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) was basically unchanged after storage for 15 days. | [89] |
Pullulan | Clove Oil | Nanoemulsion-Composite Film | In vitro release curve growth over 72 h and endpoint was below 70%. | [90] |
Pickering Emulsion- Composite Film | ||||
Pullulan | Licorice Essential Oil | Double-layer Microcapsule | The water vapor permeability of the EO-loaded microcapsule film was 0.7 g/m2/days less than that of blank microcapsule film. | [31] |
Polysaccharides | Main Application | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|---|
Gum Arabic | Amplificant Wall material | Cheap | Poor Poor transparency |
Starch | Wall material | Various kinds Cheap palatability | Hydrolysable Poor mechanical resistance |
Cellulose | Wall material Filming material | Various types Cheap Strongly biomimetic, slow release | Poor solubility Acid hydrolysis |
Chitosan | Wall material Microsphere matrix Filming material | Hemostatic and antibacterial activity (oral, nasal, and gastrointestinal), targeting of mucosa and cells | Expensive Animal origin Poor mechanical resistance |
Sodium Alginate | Wall material Injectable gel Gastric flotation agent | Gel condition mild Powder fluidity | Humidity sensitivity Strong mechanical resistance |
Pectin | Gelling agent Filming material | Strongly biomimetic, pharmaceutical ingredients before and after the same preparations | High viscosity, poor sustained release |
Pullulan | Filming material | Microbial source, controllable Skin adhesion | Weak mechanical properties Little research, lack of data support in application of EO drug delivery |
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Lim, X.-Y.; Li, J.; Yin, H.-M.; He, M.; Li, L.; Zhang, T. Stabilization of Essential Oil: Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery System with Plant-like Structure Based on Biomimetic Concept. Polymers 2023, 15, 3338. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15163338
Lim X-Y, Li J, Yin H-M, He M, Li L, Zhang T. Stabilization of Essential Oil: Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery System with Plant-like Structure Based on Biomimetic Concept. Polymers. 2023; 15(16):3338. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15163338
Chicago/Turabian StyleLim, Xue-Yee, Jing Li, Hong-Mei Yin, Mu He, Ling Li, and Tong Zhang. 2023. "Stabilization of Essential Oil: Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery System with Plant-like Structure Based on Biomimetic Concept" Polymers 15, no. 16: 3338. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15163338
APA StyleLim, X.-Y., Li, J., Yin, H.-M., He, M., Li, L., & Zhang, T. (2023). Stabilization of Essential Oil: Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery System with Plant-like Structure Based on Biomimetic Concept. Polymers, 15(16), 3338. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15163338