Cytotoxic Properties of Polyurethane Foams for Biomedical Applications as a Function of Isocyanate Index
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
- Polyols: Voranol CP 1421, polyether triol with a high content of ethylene oxide (33 mg KOH/g, Average Molecular Weight: 5023 g/mol, Dow, MI, USA), Rokopol D2002—a polyoxypropylenediol (53–59 mg KOH/g, Average Molecular Weight: 2000 g/mol, PCC Rokita, Brzeg Dolny, Poland) and Rokopol G500—a polyoxyalkylenetriol (290–310 mg KOH/g Average Molecular Weight ~560 g/mol, PCC Rokita, Brzeg Dolny, Poland);
- Catalysts: Dabco NE 1070-N, N-dimethyl aminopropyl urea, (H2NCO)NH(CH2)3N(CH3)2, molecular weight 145 g/mol (Air Products, Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA); trifunctional, amine, reactive catalyst, and Jeffcat DPA (Huntsman, The Woodlands, TX, USA)-N-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-N,N-diisopropanolamine, amine(III-terminal amine), reactive-, two hydroxyl groups catalyst;
- Surfactants: silicone surfactants Tegostab B404 and Tegostab B4900 (Evonik Industries, Essen, Germany);
- Isocyanate: Ongronat TR 4040 isocyanate—a mixture of MDI mixed isomers and oligomeric MDI (31.6–33.6% NCO/wt.%, BorsodChem, Kazincbarcika, Hungary).
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Synthesis Parameters and Apparent Density
2.2.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.2.3. Foam Extracts Preparation
2.2.4. HaCaT Cell Culture
2.2.5. Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) Assay
3. Results
3.1. Synthesis Parameters and Apparent Density
3.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Cytotoxic Activity of Polyurethane Foam Extracts
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | INCO |
---|---|
PUF_85 | 85 |
PUF_100 | 100 |
PUF_105 | 105 |
Sample | Parameter, s | Apparent Density, kg/m3 ± SD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Start Time | Rise Time | Gel Time | ||
PUF_85 | 10 | 140 | 270 | 70.11 ± 1.99 |
PUF_100 | 10 | 132 | 252 | 66.00 ± 6.55 |
PUF_105 | 10 | 125 | 240 | 62.01 ± 0.49 |
Sample | Monodentate Urea ± SD | Bidentate Urea ± SD | PIR ± SD | Biuret Groups ± SD | Allophanate Groups ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PUF_85 | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.63 ± 0.01 | 1.13 ± 0.02 | 0.88 ± 0.02 | 0.59 ± 0.02 |
PUF_100 | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 1.09 ± 0.03 | 1.38 ± 0.04 | 1.25 ± 0.06 | 0 |
PUF_105 | 0.55 ± 0.02 | 0.72 ± 0.04 | 1.43 ± 0.03 | 1.03 ± 0.04 | 0.82 ± 0.01 |
Sample | IH | DPS | Part of Urea Groups [%] ± SD |
---|---|---|---|
PUF_85 | 5.57 ± 0.02 | 0.848 ± 0.002 | 56.8 ± 0.3 |
PUF_100 | 2.40 ± 0.01 | 0.706 ± 0.015 | 57.3 ± 0.2 |
PUF_105 | 4.46 ± 0.05 | 0.815 ± 0.023 | 52.4 ± 0.8 |
Sample | IC50 [%] | Average Cytotoxicity [%] at Highest Tested Concentration [±SD] |
---|---|---|
Positive control (DMSO) | 8.3 | 55.2 ± 8.3 |
PUF_85 | nd * | 34.8 ± 7.1 |
PUF_100 | 96.1 | 51.3 ± 4.4 |
PUF_105 | nd * | 30.5 ± 4.1 |
Sample | Grade | Reactivity | Conditions of All Cultures According to ISO 10993-5 |
---|---|---|---|
Vehicle control | 0 | None | Discrete intracytoplasmic granules, no cell lysis, no reduction in cell growth. |
Positive control (DMSO) | 4 | Severe | Nearly complete or complete destruction of the cell layer. |
PUF85 | 2 | Mild | No more than 50% of the cells are round, devoid of intracytoplasmic granules; no extensive cell lysis; no more than 50% growth inhibition observed. |
PUF100 | 3 | Moderate | No more than 70% of the cell layers contain rounded cells or are lysed; cell layers are not completely destroyed, but more than 50% growth inhibition is observed. |
PUF105 | 2 | Mild | No more than 50% of the cells are round, devoid of intracytoplasmic granules; no extensive cell lysis; no more than 50% growth inhibition observed. |
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Grzęda, D.; Węgrzyk, G.; Nowak, A.; Idaszek, J.; Szczepkowski, L.; Ryszkowska, J. Cytotoxic Properties of Polyurethane Foams for Biomedical Applications as a Function of Isocyanate Index. Polymers 2023, 15, 2754. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15122754
Grzęda D, Węgrzyk G, Nowak A, Idaszek J, Szczepkowski L, Ryszkowska J. Cytotoxic Properties of Polyurethane Foams for Biomedical Applications as a Function of Isocyanate Index. Polymers. 2023; 15(12):2754. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15122754
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrzęda, Dominik, Grzegorz Węgrzyk, Adriana Nowak, Joanna Idaszek, Leonard Szczepkowski, and Joanna Ryszkowska. 2023. "Cytotoxic Properties of Polyurethane Foams for Biomedical Applications as a Function of Isocyanate Index" Polymers 15, no. 12: 2754. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15122754