Coagulation Mechanism and Compressive Strength Characteristics Analysis of High-Strength Alkali-Activated Slag Grouting Material
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials
2.1.1. Portland Cement (PC)
2.1.2. Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GBFS)
2.1.3. Alkali Activator
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.2.1. Experimental Mix Proportion
2.2.2. Preparation and Curing of Specimens
2.2.3. Compressive Strength Test
2.2.4. Condensation Behavior Test
2.2.5. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
2.2.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
3. Experimental Results and Discussion
3.1. Compressive Strength Analysis
3.1.1. Compressive Strength of PC Grouting Materials
3.1.2. Compressive Strength of GBFS Alkali-Activated Grouting Materials
3.1.3. Effect of LSS on Compressive Strength
3.2. Condensation Behavior Analysis
3.2.1. Condensation Behavior of PC Grouting Materials
3.2.2. Condensation Behavior of GBFS Grouting Materials
3.2.3. Effect of LSS on Condensation Behavior
3.3. XRD Analysis
3.3.1. XRD Analysis of PC Grouting Materials
3.3.2. XRD Analysis of GBFS Alkali-Activated Grouting Materials
3.4. SEM Analysis
3.4.1. Microstructure of PC Grouting Materials
3.4.2. Microstructure of GBFS Alkali-Activated Grouting Materials
4. Conclusions
- The early compressive strength of cement grouting material was clearly insufficient. Moreover, both the strength development and setting were slow, making it difficult to achieve early reinforcement and the water plugging effect. Cement grouting material was especially unsuitable for use as grouting material in rescue engineering. Although the addition of LSS significantly accelerated the setting, it could not significantly improve the compressive strength. XRD analysis identified the formation of albite as the cause of the accelerated condensation.
- The early compressive strength of GBFS alkali-activated grouting material was significantly better than that of PC specimens (1 d strength increased by 120%), and its setting time was also significantly faster (IST shortened by 33.3%). With an increase in sodium hydroxide content, the compressive strength first increased and then decreased (maximum increase of 21.1%), while the setting time continued to shorten. XRD analysis identified the formation of aluminosilicate minerals as the main reason for the excellent mechanical properties and accelerated coagulation rate. SEM analysis showed that the crystal structure of aluminosilicate minerals was flat and smooth, making the microstructure denser and more complete.
- Based on GBFS alkali-activated grouting material, the addition of LSS can further improve the compressive strength and shorten the setting time. With an increase in LSS content, the compressive strength first increased significantly and then remained unchanged (maximum increase of 35.9%), while the setting time first decreased significantly and then remained unchanged (IST shortened by 58.1%). The optimal mix proportion was 40 g sodium hydroxide and 300 g LSS. XRD analysis showed that the crystallinity and formation of silicate and aluminosilicate were significantly improved after the addition of LSS. SEM analysis showed that the degree of polymerization after LSS addition and the microstructure of the specimen were significantly improved.
- This paper realized the preparation of early and high-strength slag alkali-activated grouting materials. However, extensive and in-depth research on hardness, fracture toughness, and impact strength is still needed to ensure their performance stability in all aspects.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw Material | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | Na2O | K2O | SO3 | Others | Loss |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC | 21.15 | 4.79 | 2.12 | 61.82 | 2.55 | 0.67 | 0.24 | 2.35 | 1.52 | 2.21 |
GBFS | 32.42 | 20.85 | 0.69 | 33.79 | 6.36 | 1.32 | 0.77 | - | 2.31 | 0.73 |
PC | GBFS | LSS | Sodium Hydroxide | Water | Liquid–Solid Ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-1 | 1000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 600 | 0.6 |
L-2 | 800 | 200 | 0 | 0 | 600 | 0.6 |
L-3 | 600 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 600 | 0.6 |
L-4 | 600 | 400 | 100 | 0 | 535 | 0.6 |
L-5 | 600 | 400 | 200 | 0 | 470 | 0.6 |
L-6 | 600 | 400 | 300 | 0 | 405 | 0.6 |
L-7 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 20 | 600 | 0.6 |
L-8 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 40 | 600 | 0.6 |
L-9 | 0 | 1000 | 0 | 60 | 600 | 0.6 |
L-10 | 0 | 1000 | 100 | 40 | 535 | 0.6 |
L-11 | 0 | 1000 | 200 | 40 | 470 | 0.6 |
L-12 | 0 | 1000 | 300 | 40 | 405 | 0.6 |
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Li, M.; Huang, G.; Cui, Y.; Wang, B.; Chang, B.; Yin, Q.; Zhang, S.; Wang, Q.; Feng, J.; Ge, M. Coagulation Mechanism and Compressive Strength Characteristics Analysis of High-Strength Alkali-Activated Slag Grouting Material. Polymers 2022, 14, 3980. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14193980
Li M, Huang G, Cui Y, Wang B, Chang B, Yin Q, Zhang S, Wang Q, Feng J, Ge M. Coagulation Mechanism and Compressive Strength Characteristics Analysis of High-Strength Alkali-Activated Slag Grouting Material. Polymers. 2022; 14(19):3980. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14193980
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Mingjing, Guodong Huang, Yi Cui, Bo Wang, Binbin Chang, Qiaoqiao Yin, Shuwei Zhang, Qi Wang, Jiacheng Feng, and Ming Ge. 2022. "Coagulation Mechanism and Compressive Strength Characteristics Analysis of High-Strength Alkali-Activated Slag Grouting Material" Polymers 14, no. 19: 3980. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14193980