Next Article in Journal
Polymer Nanocomposite Containing Palladium Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties
Next Article in Special Issue
Fabrication of UV-Protective Polyester Fabric with Polysorbate 20 Incorporating Fluorescent Color
Previous Article in Journal
Functional Polymer and Packaging Technology for Bakery Products
Previous Article in Special Issue
The Effect of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Synthetic Fabrics on the Release of Microplastics during Washing and Drying
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Polymers
Volume 14
Issue 18
10.3390/polym14183794
polymers-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

In Situ Coating of Polydopamine-AgNPs on Polyester Fabrics Producing Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties

by
Esam S. Allehyani
1,
Yaaser Q. Almulaiky
2,3,
Sami A. Al-Harbi
1 and
Reda M. El-Shishtawy
4,5,*
1
Department of Chemistry, University College in Al-Jamoum, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21921, Saudi Arabia
3
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz 3191, Yemen
4
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
5
Dyeing, Printing and Textile Auxiliaries Department, Institute of Textile Research and Technology, National Research Centre, 33 EL Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2022, 14(18), 3794; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14183794
Submission received: 22 August 2022 / Revised: 5 September 2022 / Accepted: 7 September 2022 / Published: 10 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Fibers in Textiles)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Nanoparticles are increasingly utilized as coating materials to improve the properties of polyester textiles. In this work, polyester textiles were successfully fabricated, with hydrazide groups serving as ligands for the entrapment of sliver ions and subsequent reduction to AgNPs. Polydopamine (PDA) was used in this work to impart antibacterial and antioxidant properties to the polyester textiles through its phenolic hydroxyl groups, which can convert silver ions into AgNPs. Moreover, glucose was used as a reducing agent to create AgNPs-loaded polyester hydrazide. ATR-FTIR, SEM, EDX, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile strength were used to characterize the pristine polyester, the polyester hydrazide, the PDA-coated AgNP-loaded polyester hydrazide and the AgNP-loaded polyester hydrazide. A broth test was also used to investigate the textile’s antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, the composite nanocoating with PDA-AgNPs demonstrated good tensile strength and antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics, implying the practicality of PDA-AgNPs coating polyester for biomedical textile applications.

1. Introduction

Polyester fabric has been increasingly popular in the textile industry due to its incredible strength, durability, and dimensional stability [1,2]. But consumers seeking comfort in protective apparel and active sporting may be disappointed by the polyester fabric’s poor moisture absorption, limited antibacterial activity, and roughness [3]. Various research initiatives have focused on the functionalization of polymer materials to create innovative and intelligent features, with highly functional textile items and apparel being some of many application options for these modified materials [4]. Functional finishes on textiles are essential for improving multifunctional textile materials with improvements such as antibacterial activity [5]. Polyester surface modification enhances fabric adsorption, hydrophilicity, dyeability, and handling. Alkaline hydrolysis and aminolysis are the two most prevalent chemical modifications of polyester fibers. Surface aminolysis and hydrolysis improve the surface activity and adsorption of nanoparticles [6,7,8]. Under simplified conditions, the objective of this project was to provide an extremely efficient chemical approach to polyester. Our attention was drawn to hydrazine, a common nucleophile and reductant. Hydrazine is a better nucleophile than primary alkyl amines [9,10]. Also, the steric hindrance of hydrazine is lower than that of alkylamines. Furthermore, it is worth noting that hydrazine can break down disulfide bonds [11]; recently, Hawker and coworkers used hydrazine to degrade free-radical polymers incorporating disulfide [12]. Previously, hydrazine was utilized to make polymer thiols from RAFT polymers [13]. Metal nanoparticles are finding tremendous use in medical, nano-electronics, information storage systems, and catalysis because of their unique qualities, such as greater surface-to-volume ratio and antibacterial activity [14]. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly utilized due to their exceptional optical, mechanical, catalytic, and antibacterial capabilities. AgNPs have acquired appeal in industrial sectors such as textiles, food, consumer items, and medicine due to their excellent antibacterial activity and protection against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungus, and viruses, both as components and as colloidal suspensions [15,16,17,18]. Currently, AgNPs are employed in various items, including healthcare, women’s hygiene, food, cosmetics, paints, medical devices, biosensors, sunscreen, clothes, and electronics [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23].
In this research, the polyester fabric was functionalized with hydrazide and ligated with silver ions, which were reduced in situ to AgNPs by glucose or dopamine. Polydopamine (PDA), which has the benefit of being an ion binding and reducing agent due to its phenolic hydroxyl groups, which are capable of reducing silver ions to AgNPs, was used in this work to impart antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities to polyester fabric. Dopamine was utilized as the protective film, capping, and reducing agent after being polymerized to PDA. Coating layers are mainly used to improve metallic surfaces’ biocompatibility by forming mussel’s high adhesive forces [24,25,26]. The most prevalent component in mussel adhesive proteins is dopamine.

2. Experimental Specifications

2.1. Materials

Silver nitrate, dopamine, hydrazine hydrate, Tris hydrochloride, and methanol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). A 100% polyester woven fabric (195 g/m2), kindly supplied by Misr El-Mehalla Co., Egypt, was used throughout this study. The polyester was washed with methanol three times and dried at room temperature.

2.2. Methods

2.2.1. Treatment of Polyester

The pretreatment of a particular weight of polyester using 5%, 7.5%, and 12% hydrazine hydrate in methanol at a liquor-to-goods ratio of 30:1 was performed at 60 °C for 30 min. The pretreated sample was carefully rinsed in water and air-dried. The conditions at which the best chemical treatment yield was obtained was 7.5% hydrazine hydrate. The treated polyester was divided into two parts. The first part was carefully immersed overnight in 50 mM silver nitrate, then rinsed in water and carefully immersed overnight in 6 mg/mL dopamine, prepared in 10 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.5. The second part was treated with 5% glucose at 70 °C for 1 h, then rinsed with water and air-dried.

2.2.2. Characterization

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Quanta FEG 250, FEI Co., Hillsboro, OR, USA) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) of nanocomposites were measured on an SEM Quanta FEG 250, FEI Co., working at 20 kV. Then, the polyester fabric was coated with gold, fixed with stubs of Quanta holders, and examined under a vacuum. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR, PerkinElmer Spectrum 100) was used to study the chemical composition of the treated polyester. Tensile strength and elongation at break were carried out on a Universal Testing Machine Galdabini Quasar 50 kN (Cardano al Campo, Italy) with a crosshead speed of 300 mm/min and 25 kN load cell. The tensile strength was determined according to ISO 2307:2010. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the samples was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere using Shimadzu DTA/TGA-50, Kyoto, Japan, with a heating rate of 10 °C min−1 under nitrogen.

2.2.3. Antioxidant Activity

DPPH Assay

To assess the polyester’s antioxidant activity, 50 mg of each specimen was immersed in a 10 mL 0.1 mM DPPH methanol solution and incubated at room temperature in a dark condition for 1, 2, and 4 h. A UV-Visible spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance of the solutions at predetermined time intervals at 515nm wavelength. The antioxidant efficiency was calculated using the equation below [27].
Antioxidant   efficiency   ( % ) = ( A –   Af ) A × 100  
where A and Af is the absorbance of DPPH solutions without and with polyester fabric sample at 515 nm.

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP)

Benzie and Strain (1996) provided an approach that was utilized with slight modification [28]. The reduction of a ferric 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine complex (Fe3+–TPTZ) to its ferrous, colored form (Fe2+–TPTZ) in the presence of antioxidants is the core of this approach. The FRAP reagent contained 2.5 mL of a 10 mM TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine) solution in 40 mM HCl, 2.5 mL of 5 mM FeCl3 and 25 mL of 0.3 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 3.6. It was prepared daily and warmed to 37 °C. Aliquots of 50 mg of sample were mixed with 1.8 mL of FRAP reagent and the absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured spectrophotometrically at 593 nm after incubation at 37 °C for 30 min against the sugar analogue.

2.2.4. Antimicrobial Study

The antimicrobial potentials of the treated polyester fabrics were tested against two bacterial strains according to Nada et al., 2018 [29]. Gram-negative bacteria E. coli O157:H7 EHEC1-2 93111 and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 provided by the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. The bacteria were preserved in 25% glycerol (w/v) at −20 °C.

Broth Assay

The preserved bacterial cultures were inoculated into tryptone soy broth, incubated for 24 h at 37 °C and subcultured in broth for another 24 h at 37 °C. The antimicrobial activity of polyester fabrics was determined as follows. The fabric samples were sterilized by autoclave for 15 min at 121 °C, then 0.1 g of each sample was placed in a divided well in 24 wells microplate, and 2 mL of nutrient broth was added to each well, then inoculated with 20 µL of freshly activated bacterial culture to have final concentration of 106 CFU/mL. The control sample is nutrient broth inoculated with tested bacteria without adding any fabrics. The test was performed for 3 replicates [29]. After incubation for 24 h at 37 °C, the bacterial count of each sample was determined using the drop plate method [30]. Samples with bacteriostatic effect were described as samples that showed no increase or decrease of bacterial initial counts, while the bactericidal effect was described as samples that showed no bacterial viability.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis

It was anticipated that activating polyester fabric with hydrazine hydrate would provide it with active hydrazide sites receptive to silver loading, allowing it to be reduced to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) when reduced with dopamine or glucose (Figure 1). Thus, PET underwent mild hydrazinolysis to produce the corresponding hydrazide (PET hydrazide), which acted as ligand for silver ion adsorption overnight at room temperature to form PET hydrazide-AgNO3 fabric, as evidenced by the gain in weight. Treatment of PET hydrazide-AgNO3 with glucose and dopamine resulted in the formation of the in-situ coating PET hydrazide-AgNP and PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, respectively. The success of the formation of the above-mentioned samples is demonstrated in Figure 2. As shown in this figure, the color of the pristine fabric has become slightly brownish after hydrazinolysis. The silver ion-loaded fabric has become brownish after glucose or dopamine reduction, indicating the formation of the in situ formed coating layer of PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA and PET hydrazide-AgNP.
The thickness of the polyester fabric was measured before and after treatment. Due to hydrazide formation, the thickness of the pristine textile decreased from 0.31 mm to 0.25 mm after hydrazinolysis. Coating the hydrazide fabric with AgNPs via dopamine or glucose-reducing methods increases the thickness to 0.27 mm and 0.28 mm, respectively. The results emphasize that the first hydrazinolysis method is considered a hydrolysis method. In contrast, the silver coating methods are building ones, and thus the thickness increased, indicating the successful coating.

3.2. ATR-FTIR

Figure 3 shows the ATR-FTIR of PET and its subsequent treated samples. The PET shows the characteristic peaks at 2870, 2809, and 2965 cm−1 for C-H aliphatic, 3070 and 3073 cm−1 for C-H aromatic, and 1724 cm−1 for carbonyl ester, C-O vibrations of ester group at 1024-1233 cm−1, and C-H aromatic out of plane bending vibration at 722 cm−1. Similar FTIR data for aminated polyester have been reported [31,32,33]. After hydrazine treatment, these peaks have become either broadened with the appearance of new peaks due to N-H amine at 3202 and 3433 cm−1 and shoulder at nearby 1640 cm−1 due to carbonyl amide, or shifted with enhanced intensity as a result of band overlap for those due to ester, amino and amide groups, indicating the success of hydrazide formation (PET hydrazide), as depicted in Figure 1. As the surface has become ready to ligate with silver ions, the treated sample, after being loaded with silver ions, was divided into two portions, so that one undergoes dopamine treatment and the other undergoes glucose treatment to produce PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA and PET hydrazide-AgNP, respectively. It is clear from the ATR-FTIR that both samples revealed a similar spectrum with a difference in the peak intensity and position. The sample PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA showed a higher peak intensity than the sample PET hydrazide-AgNP owing to the coated PDA layer. The peaks due to the PDA coating layer, especially between 940 and 1800 cm−1 [34], overlap with those of carboxylate, and hydrazide groups, and thus are undistinguished.

3.3. SEM–EDX Analysis

Figure 4 illustrates the morphological surface structure of the pristine polyester fabric, the influence of hydrazine hydrate treatment, and the morphological change after-treatment of polyester hydrazide fabric with silver nitrate-glucose and/or silver nitrate-dopamine, resulting in the formation of the silver nano-coated layer. Figure 4a shows the morphology of the PET with a smooth and uniform surface. A significant difference can be observed on the surface of the polyester fabric after treatment with hydrazine hydrate, as shown in Figure 4b. The surface structure of the hydrazine-treated polyester (PET hydrazide) appeared to be rough and disuniform. Furthermore, after treatment with silver nitrate-dopamine, the treated polyester fabric morphology was unaltered with additional changes, which can be observed as small cracks, as shown in Figure 4c for sample PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA. After silver nitrate-glucose treatment, the surface becomes rough and disuniform with the observation of dislodged fibers (Figure 4d) for sample PET hydrazide-AgNP. The success of coating with AgNPs was confirmed by the EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). The EDX has been recognized as a tool for bulk elemental composition, where X-rays are generated in a surface region of about 2 um in-depth [22]. It is observed in Figure 4e and the inset table that 21.01% by weight of silver is coated onto the polyester fabric.

3.4. Thermal Analysis of Uncoated and Coated Fabrics

TGA is the proper technique to reveal the impact of structural changes on the thermal stability of materials. As shown in Figure 5, all samples reveal three stages of degradation. One stage extends from room temperature to 360 °C, with a slight mass loss of about 5% due to the removal of absorbed moisture. The main part of polymer decomposition occurs in the second stage, from 360–440 °C with about 80% mass loss. In the second stage and up to 390 °C, the difference in the thermal stability among the samples indicates that the stability increases in the order PET< PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA < PET hydrazide < PET hydrazide-AgNP. The third stage, from 440–600 °C, shows a fast degradation in the order PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA > PET hydrazide> PET hydrazide-AgNP> PET, an indication of the success of coating. The second stage results indicate that the PET hydrazide sample could be constituted by a shorter polymeric chain, compared with the PET sample. Upon coating with AgNPs, the stability further increased, but decreased in the presence of the PDA layer. In the third stage, on the other hand, some internal chemical reactions might initiate rapid decomposition among the samples.

3.5. Tensile Strength

The effect of hydrazinolysis on polyester fabric is expected to increase its hydrophilicity due to hydrazide groups. In the textile industry, it is known that increasing the hydrophilicity of the fabric is accompanied by a decrease in its crystallinity. Thus, it is anticipated that the fabric’s tensile strength will decrease upon such chemical treatment [35]. Indeed, treating the polyester fabric with hydrazine hydrate decreased its tensile strength and elongation at the break by 37% and 21%, respectively, as shown in Figure 6. The decrease in the elongation at break indicates that the treatment had changed the flexibility of the polyester fabric, owing to the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between hydrazine groups. Another reason might be that the dislodged fibers on the surface perhaps created increased weak regions in the fiber, reducing both strength and extensibility [36]. Interestingly, other than PDA-coated AgNPs-loaded polyester hydrazide fabric and AgNPs-loaded polyester hydrazide fabric, the tensile strength became higher than before treatment, indicating that the loaded AgNPs and/or PDA-coating had increased the tensile strength. On the other hand, the samples with a coating layer of PDA showed a higher elongation at the break than the polyester hydrazide fabric sample and the AgNPs-coated sample made by glucose. These results indicate that PDA acts as a capping agent for AgNPs and has rendered the fabric more flexible than the one with AgNPs (see Figure 6). These results agree with several studies. Bora et al., revealed that the tensile strength of polyester resin/graphene oxide composites is improved by 76% [37]. CNT-based polyester composites showed improvement in tensile strength by 17% [38].

3.6. Antioxidant Activity

The growing awareness of biomedical textiles has encouraged scientists to produce textiles that can have antioxidant activity. DPPH free radical scavenging activity evaluates antioxidant activity, and these measurements are shown in Figure 7. It is observed that the pristine polyester showed marginal antioxidant activity after 4 h, whereas the hydrazide sample revealed significant improvements as an antioxidant upon prolonging the time to 4 h. Hydrazine has been reported as the reducing agent in the phosphomolybdenum method and for DPPH radical-scavenging ability [39]. Interestingly, incorporating the AgNPs-loaded polyester fabrics, with or without the PDA coating layer, very much enhanced the antioxidant activity by virtue of the silver nanoparticles that can stabilize the free radicals via delocalization within the nanoparticles. Furthermore, the presence of the PDA coating layer has further improved the antioxidant activity more than in the sample without PDA, indicating the effectiveness of PDA phenolic hydroxyl groups as radical scavenging groups. The impact of AgNPs and phenolics on the antioxidant properties have been reported [40,41,42,43]. On the other hand, to further confirm the results of the DPPH assay, a Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay was conducted to measure the reducing power of the studied samples, as shown in Figure 8. The results reveal that PDA-coated AgNPs-loaded polyester fabric was the highest antioxidant, followed by AgNPs-loaded fabric, then polyester hydrazide and finally, the pristine polysester, with almost no activity. This FRAP assay confirms further the success of this potent antioxidant polyester fabric.

3.7. Antimicrobial Properties

All polyester samples were subjected to a broth assay to determine whether they allowed bacteria to grow or proved toxic to the bacteria. Figure 9 shows microbial counts of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus (CFU/mL) for all polyester samples (pristine polyester, polyester hydrazide, AgNP-loaded polyester hydrazide, and PDA-coated AgNPs-loaded polyester hydrazide). It is well known that gram-negative bacteria’s cell walls, unlike those of gram-positive bacteria’s, have an extra facing layer that enhances the bacteria’s resistance to antimicrobial agents. The pathogenic gram-negative E. coli, as a model resistant bacterium, was examined by broth assay. As shown in Figure 7, the pristine sample demonstrates diminished toxicity to the bacteria. On the other hand, the polyester hydrazide reveals significant bioactivity against gram-negative bacteria E. coli and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. This finding highlights the role of hydrazine groups in destroying microbe cell walls by capturing metal ions that bacteria require for survival. A similar antibacterial potential of treated polyester has been reported [44]. Furthermore, AgNPs-loaded polyester hydrazide showed bactericidal effect on E. coli (the complete killing of bacteria after 24 h), while having a bacrestatic effect on Staphylococcus aureus. The rupture of microbial cell walls is the mechanism behind AgNPs’ antibacterial action [45,46,47]. Silver’s antibacterial effect is primarily due to silver ions, which are liberated from silver-containing materials and interact with the thiol groups of enzymes and proteins involved in microbial life, impairing cell respiration and ultimately killing the cells [48]. PDA was hypothesized to serve as a coating layer formed by a redox interaction between the adsorbed silver ion inside the polyester hydrazide and dopamine, which would enhance the fabric’s performance and antibacterial activity. PDA-coated AgNPs-loaded polyester hydrazide has a bactericidal effect on both tested pathogens and bacteria; however, the antimicrobial effect was much stronger against E. coli.

4. Conclusions

This paper’s feasible and simple technique for the PDA-coated AgNPs-loaded polyester would enable multifunctional textiles to be created. This approach integrates three components, hydrazide, AgNPs, and PDA, to demonstrate antibacterial and antioxidant action, potentially resulting in synergy. Furthermore, the loaded AgNPs and/or PDA-coating have increased the tensile strength, and the samples with a coating layer of PDA showed a higher elongation at the break than the polyester hydrazide fabric sample. PDA-AgNPs nano-coating of polyester showed antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics, implying the practicality of PDA-AgNPs coating of polyester for biomedical textile applications.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, R.M.E.-S. and Y.Q.A.; methodology, E.S.A., Y.Q.A., S.A.A.-H. and R.M.E.-S.; validation, E.S.A., Y.Q.A., S.A.A.-H. and R.M.E.-S.; formal analysis, Y.Q.A. and R.M.E.-S.; investigation, E.S.A., Y.Q.A., S.A.A.-H.and R.M.E.-S.; resources, E.S.A., Y.Q.A., S.A.A.-H. and R.M.E.-S.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.Q.A. and R.M.E.-S.; writing—review and editing, E.S.A., Y.Q.A., S.A.A.-H.and R.M.E.-S; visualization, Y.Q.A. and R.M.E.-S.; supervision, Y.Q.A. and R.M.E.-S.; project administration, E.S.A.; funding acquisition, E.S.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University Grant Code: 19-SCI-1-02-0001.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in this same article.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code: 19-SCI-1-02-0001.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Kale, R.D.; Soni, M.; Potdar, T. A flame retardant, antimicrobial and UV protective polyester fabric by solvent crazing route. J. Polym. Res. 2019, 26, 189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Pongsathit, S.; Chen, S.Y.; Rwei, S.P.; Pattamaprom, C. Eco-friendly highperformance coating for polyester fabric. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Chaudhary, H.; Gupta, D.; Gupta, C. Multifunctional dyeing and finishing of polyester with Sericin and Basic dyes. J. Text. Inst. 2017, 108, 314–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Smole, M.S.; Stakne, K.; Bele, M.; Jamnik, J.; Hribernik, S.; Ribitsch, V. Nanocoatings for textile. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Textile Clothing & Design Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 8–11 October 2006. [Google Scholar]
  5. El-Gabry, L.K.; Allam, O.G.; Hakeim, O.A. Surface functionalization of viscose and polyester fabrics toward antibacterial and coloration properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 92, 353–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Zhu, Y.; Mao, Z.; Gao, C. Aminolysis-based surface modification of polyesters for biomedical applications. RSC Adv. 2013, 3, 2509–2519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Poortavasoly, H.; Montazer, M.; Harifi, T. Simultaneous synthesis of nano silver and activation of polyester producing higher tensile strength aminohydroxylated fiber with antibacterial and hydrophilic properties. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 46250–46256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Harifi, T.; Montazer, M. Photo-, Bio-, and magneto-active colored polyester fabric with hydrophobic/hydrophilic and enhanced mechanical properties through synthesis of TiO2/Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposite. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2014, 53, 1119–1129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Smith, M.B.; March, J. March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5th ed.; J. Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2001; p. 445. [Google Scholar]
  10. Minegishi, S.; Mayr, H. How constant are Ritchie’s “constant selectivity relationships”? A general reactivity scale for n-, π-, and σ-nucleophiles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 286–295. [Google Scholar]
  11. Maiti, S.N.; Spevak, P.; Singh, M.P.; Micetich, R.G.; Narender Reddy, A.V. Reductive cleavage of symmetrical disulfides with hydrazines. Synth. Commun. 1988, 18, 575–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Paulusse, J.M.; Amir, R.J.; Evans, R.A.; Hawker, C.J. Free radical polymers with tunable and selective bio-and chemical degradability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 9805–9812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Shan, J.; Nuopponen, M.; Jiang, H.; Kauppinen, E.; Tenhu, H. Preparation of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)-monolayer-protected gold clusters: Synthesis methods, core size, and thickness of monolayer. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 4526–4533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Ramyadevi, J.; Jeyasubramanian, K.; Marikani, A.; Palza, H. Antimicrobial polymers with metal nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 2099–2116. [Google Scholar]
  15. Yetisen, A.K.; Qu, H.; Manbachi, A.; Butt, H.; Dokmeci, M.R.; Hinestroza, J.P.; Skorobogatiy, M.; Khademhosseini, A.; Yun, S.H. Nanotechnology in Textiles. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 3042–3068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Nakamura, S.; Sato, M.; Sato, Y.; Ando, N.; Takayama, T.; Fujita, M.; Ishihara, M. Synthesis and Application of Silver Nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for the Prevention of Infection in Healthcare Workers. Int. J. Mol.Sci. 2019, 20, 3620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Akter, M.; Sikder, T.M.; Rahman, M.M.; Ullah, A.K.M.A.; Hossain, K.F.B.; Banik, S.; Hosokawa, T.; Saito, T.; Kurasaki, M. A systematic review on silver nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity: Physicochemical properties and perspectives. J. Adv. Res. 2018, 9, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Mitrano, D.M.; Motellier, S.; Clavaguera, S.; Nowack, B. Review of nanomaterial aging and transformations through the life cycle of nano-enhanced products. Environ. Int. 2015, 77, 132–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Wahab, M.A.; Li, L.; Li, H.; Abdala, A. Silver nanoparticle-based nanocomposites for combating infectious pathogens: Recent advances and future prospects. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Wahab, M.A.; Hasan, C.M.; Alothman, Z.A.; Hossain, M.S.A. In-situ incorporation of highly dispersed silver nanoparticles in nanoporous carbon nitride for the enhancement of antibacterial activities. J.Hazard. Mater. 2021, 408, 124919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Lemire, J.A.; Harrison, J.J.; Turner, R.J. Antimicrobial activity of metals: Mechanisms, molecular targets and applications. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2013, 11, 371–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Stefaniak, A.B.; Duling, M.G.; Lawrence, R.B.; Thomas, T.A.; LeBouf, R.F.; Wade, E.E.; Virji, M.A. Dermal exposure potential from textiles that contain silver nanoparticles. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 2014, 20, 220–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Wagener, S.; Dommershausen, N.; Jungnickel, H.; Laux, P.; Mitrano, D.; Nowack, B.; Schneider, G.; Luch, A. Textile Functionalization and Its Effects on the Release of Silver Nanoparticles into Artificial Sweat. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 5927–5934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Lee, H.; Dellatore, S.M.; Miller, W.M.; Messersmith, P.B. Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 2007, 318, 426–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Waite, J.H.; Tanzer, M.L. Polyphenolic substance of Mytilus edulis: Novel adhesive containing L-dopa and hydroxyproline. Science 1981, 212, 1038–1040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Waite, J.H.; Housley, T.J.; Tanzer, M.L. Peptide repeats in a mussel glue protein: Theme and variations. Biochemistry 1985, 24, 5010–5014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Foti, M.C.; Daquino, C.; Geraci, C. Electron-transfer reaction of cinnamic acids and their methyl esters with the DPPH•radical in alcoholic solutions. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 2309–2314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Benzie, I.F.; Strain, J.J. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem. 1996, 239, 70–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Nada, A.; Al-Moghazy, M.; Soliman, A.A.F.; Rashwan, G.M.T.; Eldawy, T.H.A.; Hassan, A.A.E.; Sayed, G.H. Pyrazole-based compounds in chitosan liposomal emulsion for antimicrobial cotton fabrics. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 107, 585–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Naghili, H.; Tajik, H.; Mardani, K.; Razavi Rouhani, S.M.; Ehsani, A.; Zare, P. Validation of drop plate technique for bacterial enumeration by parametric and nonparametric tests. Vet. Res. Forum Int. Q. J. 2013, 4, 179–183. [Google Scholar]
  31. Bech, L.; Meylheuc, T.; Lepoittevin, B.; Roger, P. Chemical surface modification of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) fibers by aminolysis and grafting of carbohydrates. J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 2007, 45, 2172–2183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Zhou, J.; Li, M.; Zhong, L.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, G. Aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate fabric by a methodinvolving the gradual concentration of dilute ethylenediamine. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2017, 513, 146–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Palekar, V.S.; Shah, R.V.; Shukla, S.R. Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Aminolysis of Poly(ethyleneterephthalate) Waste. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2012, 126, 1174–1181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Liu, M.; Jiang, W.; Chen, Q.; Wang, S.; Mao, Y.; Gong, X.; Leung, K.C.-F.; Wang, H.; Tian, J.; Xuan, S. A facile one-step method to synthesize SiO2@polydopamine core–shell nanospheres for shear thickening fluid. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 29279–29287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. El-Shishtawy, R.M.; Ahmed, N.S.E. Anionic coloration of acrylic fibre. Part 1: Efficient pretreatment and dyeing with acid dyes. Color. Technol. 2005, 121, 139–146. [Google Scholar]
  36. Kan, C.W. Impact on textile properties of polyester with laser. Opt. Laser Technol. 2008, 40, 113–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Bora, C.; Gogoi, P.; Baglari, S.; Dolui, S.K. Preparation of polyester resin/graphene oxide nanocomposite with improved mechanical strength. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013, 129, 3432–3438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Seyhan, A.T.; Gojny, F.H.; Tanoğlu, M.; Schulte, K. Critical aspects related to processing of carbon nanotube/unsaturated thermoset polyester nanocomposites. Eur. Polym. J. 2007, 43, 374–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Khelef, A.; Lanez, T. In vitro assays of the antioxidant activities of ferrocene derivatives bearing amine, amide or hydrazine groups. Der. Pharma Chem. 2015, 7, 318–323. [Google Scholar]
  40. Shabbir, M.; Mohammad, F. Multifunctional AgNPs@Wool: Colored, UV-protective and antioxidant functional textiles. Appl. Nanosci. 2018, 8, 545–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Choukairi, Z.; Hazzaz, T.; José, M.F.; Fechtali, T. The cytotoxic activity of salvia officinalis L. and rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaves extracts on human glioblastoma cell line and their antioxidant effect. J. Complementary Integr. Med. 2020, 17, 20180189. [Google Scholar]
  42. AL Zahrani, N.A.; El-Shishtawy, R.M.; Asiri, A.M. Recent developments of gallic acid derivatives and their hybrids in medicinal chemistry: A review. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020, 204, 112609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Al Zahrani, N.A.; El-Shishtawy, R.M.; Elaasser, M.M.; Asiri, A.M. Synthesis of novel chalcone-based phenothiazine derivatives as antioxidant and anticancer agents. Molecules 2020, 25, 4566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Afshari, S.; Montazer, M.; Harifi, T.; Mahmoudi Rad, M. A coloured polyester fabric with antimicrobial properties conferred by copper nanoparticles. Coloration Technol. 2019, 135, 427–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Salam, M.A.; Obaid, A.Y.; El-Shishtawy, R.M.; Mohamed, S.A. Synthesis of nanocomposites of polypyrrole/carbon nanotubes/silver nano particles and their application in water disinfection. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 16878–16884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. El-Shishtawy, R.M.; Asiri, A.M.; Abdelwahed, N.A.M.; Al-Otaibi, M.M. In situ production of silver nanoparticle on cotton fabric and its antimicrobial evaluation. Cellulose 2011, 18, 75–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Ahmed, N.S.E. Color data and antibacterial properties of smart Ag/polypyrrole-nanocoated cotton fabric. Egypt. J. Chem. 2020, 63, 3547–3555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Montes-Hernandez, G.; Di Girolamo, M.; Sarret, G.; Bureau, S.; Fernandez-Martinez, A.; Lelong, C.; Eymard Vernain, E. In situ formation of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) onto textile fibers. ACS Omega 2021, 6, 1316–1327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Polymers 14 03794 g001 550
Figure 1. Schematic representation for the synthesis of PDA-coated, AgNPs-loaded polyester hydrazide and AgNPs-loaded polyester hydrazide.
Figure 1. Schematic representation for the synthesis of PDA-coated, AgNPs-loaded polyester hydrazide and AgNPs-loaded polyester hydrazide.
Polymers 14 03794 g001
Polymers 14 03794 g002 550
Figure 2. Images of (1) PET, (2) PET hydrazide, (3) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (4) PET hydrazide-AgNP.
Figure 2. Images of (1) PET, (2) PET hydrazide, (3) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (4) PET hydrazide-AgNP.
Polymers 14 03794 g002
Polymers 14 03794 g003 550
Figure 3. ATR-FTIR spectra of PET, PET hydrazide, PET hydrazide-AgNP, and PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA.
Figure 3. ATR-FTIR spectra of PET, PET hydrazide, PET hydrazide-AgNP, and PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA.
Polymers 14 03794 g003
Polymers 14 03794 g004 550
Figure 4. Low and high magnification FESEM images of (a) PET, (b) PET hydrazide, (c) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (d) PET hydrazide-AgNP, with (e) the SEM–energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra of PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA.
Figure 4. Low and high magnification FESEM images of (a) PET, (b) PET hydrazide, (c) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (d) PET hydrazide-AgNP, with (e) the SEM–energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra of PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA.
Polymers 14 03794 g004
Polymers 14 03794 g005 550
Figure 5. Low and high magnification thermograms of PET, PET hydrazide, PET hydrazide-AgNP, and PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA.
Figure 5. Low and high magnification thermograms of PET, PET hydrazide, PET hydrazide-AgNP, and PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA.
Polymers 14 03794 g005
Polymers 14 03794 g006 550
Figure 6. Effect of elongation and tensile strength on (1) PET, ( 2) PET hydrazide, (3) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (4) PET hydrazide-AgNP.
Figure 6. Effect of elongation and tensile strength on (1) PET, ( 2) PET hydrazide, (3) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (4) PET hydrazide-AgNP.
Polymers 14 03794 g006
Polymers 14 03794 g007 550
Figure 7. The DPPH antioxidant efficiency at different times for (1) PET, (2) PET hydrazide, (3) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (4) PET hydrazide-AgNP.
Figure 7. The DPPH antioxidant efficiency at different times for (1) PET, (2) PET hydrazide, (3) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (4) PET hydrazide-AgNP.
Polymers 14 03794 g007
Polymers 14 03794 g008 550
Figure 8. The FRAP reducing power of (1) PET, ( 2) PET hydrazide, (3) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (4) PET hydrazide-AgNP.
Figure 8. The FRAP reducing power of (1) PET, ( 2) PET hydrazide, (3) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (4) PET hydrazide-AgNP.
Polymers 14 03794 g008
Polymers 14 03794 g009 550
Figure 9. Effect of the (1) PET, (2) PET hydrazide, (3) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (4) PET hydrazide-AgNP on the microbial growth of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, after incubating for 24 h at 37 °C.
Figure 9. Effect of the (1) PET, (2) PET hydrazide, (3) PET hydrazide-AgNP-PDA, and (4) PET hydrazide-AgNP on the microbial growth of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, after incubating for 24 h at 37 °C.
Polymers 14 03794 g009
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Allehyani, E.S.; Almulaiky, Y.Q.; Al-Harbi, S.A.; El-Shishtawy, R.M. In Situ Coating of Polydopamine-AgNPs on Polyester Fabrics Producing Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties. Polymers 2022, 14, 3794. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14183794

AMA Style

Allehyani ES, Almulaiky YQ, Al-Harbi SA, El-Shishtawy RM. In Situ Coating of Polydopamine-AgNPs on Polyester Fabrics Producing Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties. Polymers. 2022; 14(18):3794. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14183794

Chicago/Turabian Style

Allehyani, Esam S., Yaaser Q. Almulaiky, Sami A. Al-Harbi, and Reda M. El-Shishtawy. 2022. "In Situ Coating of Polydopamine-AgNPs on Polyester Fabrics Producing Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties" Polymers 14, no. 18: 3794. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14183794

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop