Syngas Fermentation for the Production of Bio-Based Polymers: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Limitations of Conventional Techniques for the Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass
3. Biomass Gasification
4. Syngas Reforming
5. Biochemical Pathways for Syngas Utilization
6. Process Optimization for Syngas Fermentation
7. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and Their Biochemical Production
8. Syngas to PHAs
8.1. Monoculture
8.2. Mixed Culture
9. Challenges and Perspective
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Impurities | Targeted Enzyme | Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|
Ammonia (NH3) | Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), amidase | ADH inhibition at very high concentrations | [17] |
Nitric oxide | Hydrogenase, ADH | 100% inhibition of ADH at 0.015 mol%; no effect at 0.004 mol% | [20] |
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | Formate dehydrogenase (FDH), nitrate reductase | 5% inhibition for FDH and 20% inhibition of nitrate reductase at 1 mol/m3 | [21] |
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) | Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TS), L-ascorbate oxidase (LAO) | >30 mol/m3 for TS and 1 mol/m3 for 97% inhibition for LAO | [17] |
Carbonyl sulfide (COS) | Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) | [22] | |
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) | Ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) | [17] |
Microorganisms | Growth pH | Growth Temperature (°C) | Substrate | Products | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monoculture | |||||
Acetobacterium woodii | 6.8 | 30 | CO/H2/CO2 | Acetate | [45] |
Clostridium ragsdalei | 5.0–7.5 | 25–40 | CO/H2/CO2 | Acetate, ethanol, 2,3-butanediol | [67] |
Clostridium autoethanogenum | 4.5–6.5 | 20–44 | CO/H2/CO2 | Acetate, ethanol, 2,3-butanediol | [67] |
Clostridium ljungdahlii | 4.0–6.0 | 30–40 | CO/H2/CO2/N2 | Acetate, ethanol, 2,3-butanediol, formic acid | [40,68] |
Clostridium carboxidivorans | 4.4–7.6 | 24–42 | CO/CO2/H2 | Acetate, ethanol, butyrate, butanol, caproate, hexanol | [69] |
Clostridium drakei | 4.6–7.8 | 18–42 | CO/CO2/H2 | Acetate, ethanol, butyrate, butanol | [69] |
Clostridium scatologenes | 4.6–8.0 | 18–42 | CO/CO2/H2 | Acetate, butyrate | [69] |
Alkalibaculum bacchi | 6.5–10.5 | 15–40 | CO/CO2/H2 | Acetate, ethanol | [33] |
Butyribacterium methylotrophicum | 5.5–6.0 | 37 | CO | Acetate, ethanol, butyrate, butanol | [70] |
Eubacterium limosum | 7.0–7.2 | 38–39 | CO2/H2 | Acetate, butyrate | [71] |
Sporomusa ovate | 5.0–8.1 | 15–45 | CO2/H2 | Acetate, ethanol | [72] |
Peptostreptococcus productus | 7 | 37 | CO/H2/CO2/N2 | Acetate | [73] |
Rhodospirillum rubrum | - | 25–30 | Syngas | PHA, H2 | [57,74] |
Methylocystis Hirsuta | 6.8 | 25 | CH4/CO2/H2S | PHA | [75] |
Synechocystis salina | 6.7 | 20 | CO2 | PHA | [76] |
Thermophiles | |||||
Acetogenium Kivui | 6.4 | 66 | CO/H2/CO2/N2 | Acetate | [77] |
Clostridium thermoaceticum | 55 | CO/H2/CO2/N2 | Acetate | [77] | |
Clostridium thermoautotrophicum | 5.7 | 36–70 | CO2/H2 | Acetate | [78] |
Moorella stamsii | 5.7–8.0 | 50–70 | CO | Acetate, H2 | [79] |
Mixed culture | |||||
Alkalibacterium bacchi & Clostridium propionicum | 6.0–8.0 | 37 | CO/CO2/H2 | Acetate, butyrate, propionate, ethanol, butanol, propanol, hexanol | [6] |
Clostridium autoethanogenum & Clostridium kluyveri | 5.5–6.5 | 37 | CO/CO2/H2 | Acetate, butyrate, caproate, ethanol, butanol, hexanol | [7] |
Clostridium lungdahii & Clostridium kluyveri | 5.7–6.4 | 35 | Syngas | Acetate, butyrate, caproate, ethanol, butanol, hexanol, 2,3-butanediol, octanol | [8] |
Multi-stage culture | |||||
Elongation of carboxylic acids | |||||
Clostridium ljungdahlii (stage 1) | N.A. | N.A. | CO/CO2/H2 | Acetate, ethanol | [80] |
Mixed culture (stage 2) | 5.5–6.5 | 30 | Fermentation effluent | Acetic acid, butyric acid, caproic acid | |
Dicarboxylic (malic) acid production | |||||
Clostridium ljungdahlii (stage 1) | 5.9 | 37 | CO/H2/CO2/N2 | Ethanol, acetate | [81] |
Aspergillus oryzae (stage 2) | 6.5 | 35 | Fermentation effluent | Malic acid | |
Lipid production | |||||
Moorella thermoacetica (stage 1) | 6 | 60 | CO/CO2/H2 | Acetate | [82] |
Yarrowia lipolytica (stage 2) | 7.3 | 35 | Fermentation effluent | Lipids | |
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production | |||||
Clostridium autoethanogenum (stage 1) | 5.75 | 30 | CO/H2/CO2/N2 | Acetate, ethanol, 2,3-butanediol | [83] |
Mixed microbial consortia (MMC) (stage 2) | NA | 30 | Fermentation effluent | PHA | |
PHA production | |||||
Acetobacterium woodii (stage 1) | N.A. | N.A. | CO/N2 | Formate | [84] |
Methylorubrum extroquens (stage 2) | N.A. | N.A. | Fermentation effluent | PHA |
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Dhakal, N.; Acharya, B. Syngas Fermentation for the Production of Bio-Based Polymers: A Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 3917. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223917
Dhakal N, Acharya B. Syngas Fermentation for the Production of Bio-Based Polymers: A Review. Polymers. 2021; 13(22):3917. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223917
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhakal, Nirpesh, and Bishnu Acharya. 2021. "Syngas Fermentation for the Production of Bio-Based Polymers: A Review" Polymers 13, no. 22: 3917. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223917