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Polymers
Volume 13
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10.3390/polym13193281
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Article

Gellan Gum Hydrogels Filled Edible Oil Microemulsion for Biomedical Materials: Phase Diagram, Mechanical Behavior, and In Vivo Studies

by
Muhammad Zulhelmi Muktar
1,
Muhammad Ameerul Amin Bakar
2,
Khairul Anuar Mat Amin
1,*,
Laili Che Rose
1,
Wan Iryani Wan Ismail
1,
Mohd Hasmizam Razali
1,
Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
3 and
Marc in het Panhuis
4,*
1
Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
2
Pharmaniaga LifeScience Sdn. Bhd., Lot 7, Jalan PPU 3, Taman Perindustrian Puchong Utama, Puchong 47100, Selangor, Malaysia
3
BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia
4
Faculty Science, Medicine and Health, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2021, 13(19), 3281; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193281
Submission received: 24 August 2021 / Revised: 13 September 2021 / Accepted: 15 September 2021 / Published: 26 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Performance of Sustainable Bio-Based Compounds)
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Abstract

The demand for wound care products, especially advanced and active wound care products is huge. In this study, gellan gum (GG) and virgin coconut oil (VCO) were utilized to develop microemulsion-based hydrogel for wound dressing materials. A ternary phase diagram was constructed to obtain an optimized ratio of VCO, water, and surfactant to produce VCO microemulsion. The VCO microemulsion was incorporated into gellan gum (GG) hydrogel (GVCO) and their chemical interaction, mechanical performance, physical properties, and thermal behavior were examined. The stress-at-break (σ) and Young’s modulus (YM) of GVCO hydrogel films were increased along with thermal behavior with the inclusion of VCO microemulsion. The swelling degree of GVCO hydrogel decreased as the VCO microemulsion increased and the water vapor transmission rate of GVCO hydrogels was comparable to commercial dressing in the range of 332–391 g m−2 d−1. The qualitative antibacterial activities do not show any inhibition against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) bacteria. In vivo studies on Sprague–Dawley rats show the wound contraction of GVCO hydrogel is best (95 ± 2%) after the 14th day compared to a commercial dressing of Smith and Nephew Opsite post-op waterproof dressing, and this result is supported by the ultrasound images of wound skin and histological evaluation of the wound. The findings suggest that GVCO hydrogel has the potential to be developed as a biomedical material.
Keywords: gellan gum; virgin coconut oil; hydrogels; biomaterials; wound dressing gellan gum; virgin coconut oil; hydrogels; biomaterials; wound dressing
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MDPI and ACS Style

Muktar, M.Z.; Bakar, M.A.A.; Amin, K.A.M.; Che Rose, L.; Wan Ismail, W.I.; Razali, M.H.; Abd Razak, S.I.; in het Panhuis, M. Gellan Gum Hydrogels Filled Edible Oil Microemulsion for Biomedical Materials: Phase Diagram, Mechanical Behavior, and In Vivo Studies. Polymers 2021, 13, 3281. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193281

AMA Style

Muktar MZ, Bakar MAA, Amin KAM, Che Rose L, Wan Ismail WI, Razali MH, Abd Razak SI, in het Panhuis M. Gellan Gum Hydrogels Filled Edible Oil Microemulsion for Biomedical Materials: Phase Diagram, Mechanical Behavior, and In Vivo Studies. Polymers. 2021; 13(19):3281. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193281

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muktar, Muhammad Zulhelmi, Muhammad Ameerul Amin Bakar, Khairul Anuar Mat Amin, Laili Che Rose, Wan Iryani Wan Ismail, Mohd Hasmizam Razali, Saiful Izwan Abd Razak, and Marc in het Panhuis. 2021. "Gellan Gum Hydrogels Filled Edible Oil Microemulsion for Biomedical Materials: Phase Diagram, Mechanical Behavior, and In Vivo Studies" Polymers 13, no. 19: 3281. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193281

APA Style

Muktar, M. Z., Bakar, M. A. A., Amin, K. A. M., Che Rose, L., Wan Ismail, W. I., Razali, M. H., Abd Razak, S. I., & in het Panhuis, M. (2021). Gellan Gum Hydrogels Filled Edible Oil Microemulsion for Biomedical Materials: Phase Diagram, Mechanical Behavior, and In Vivo Studies. Polymers, 13(19), 3281. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193281

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