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Polymers
Volume 13
Issue 18
10.3390/polym13183072
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Article

Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Using Polyol from Liquefied Oil Palm Biomass: Variation of Isocyanate Indexes

by
Umar Adli Amran
1,
Kushairi Mohd Salleh
1,*,
Sarani Zakaria
1,*,
Rasidi Roslan
2,
Chin Hua Chia
1,
Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar
1,
Mohd Shaiful Sajab
3 and
Marhaini Mostapha
4
1
Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Materials Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
3
Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
4
Higher Institution Centres of Excellence, Center for Biofuels and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2021, 13(18), 3072; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183072
Submission received: 11 August 2021 / Revised: 5 September 2021 / Accepted: 8 September 2021 / Published: 11 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Science, Technology and Engineering beyond 2020: Novel, Safer and Sustainable Materials)
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Abstract

Development of polyurethane foam (PUF) containing bio-based components is a complex process that requires extensive studies. This work reports on the production of rigid PUFs from polyol obtained via liquefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) biomass with different isocyanate (NCO) indexes. The effect of the NCO index on the physical, chemical and compressive properties of the liquefied EFB-based PUF (EFBPUF) was evaluated. The EFBPUFs showed a unique set of properties at each NCO index. Foaming properties had affected the apparent density and cellular morphology of the EFBPUFs. Increasing NCO index had increased the crosslink density and dimensional stability of the EFBPUFs via formation of isocyanurates, which had also increased their thermal stability. Combination of both foaming properties and crosslink density of the EFBPUFs had influenced their respective compressive properties. The EFBPUF produced at the NCO index of 120 showed the optimum compressive strength and released the least toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas under thermal degradation. The normalized compressive strength of the EFBPUF at the NCO index of 120 is also comparable with the strength of the PUF produced using petrochemical polyol.
Keywords: polyol; empty fruit bunch; liquefaction; cellular polymer; compressive polyol; empty fruit bunch; liquefaction; cellular polymer; compressive

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MDPI and ACS Style

Amran, U.A.; Salleh, K.M.; Zakaria, S.; Roslan, R.; Chia, C.H.; Jaafar, S.N.S.; Sajab, M.S.; Mostapha, M. Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Using Polyol from Liquefied Oil Palm Biomass: Variation of Isocyanate Indexes. Polymers 2021, 13, 3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183072

AMA Style

Amran UA, Salleh KM, Zakaria S, Roslan R, Chia CH, Jaafar SNS, Sajab MS, Mostapha M. Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Using Polyol from Liquefied Oil Palm Biomass: Variation of Isocyanate Indexes. Polymers. 2021; 13(18):3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183072

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amran, Umar Adli, Kushairi Mohd Salleh, Sarani Zakaria, Rasidi Roslan, Chin Hua Chia, Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar, Mohd Shaiful Sajab, and Marhaini Mostapha. 2021. "Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Using Polyol from Liquefied Oil Palm Biomass: Variation of Isocyanate Indexes" Polymers 13, no. 18: 3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183072

APA Style

Amran, U. A., Salleh, K. M., Zakaria, S., Roslan, R., Chia, C. H., Jaafar, S. N. S., Sajab, M. S., & Mostapha, M. (2021). Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Using Polyol from Liquefied Oil Palm Biomass: Variation of Isocyanate Indexes. Polymers, 13(18), 3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183072

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