Thermally Conductive Shape Memory Polymer Composites Filled with Boron Nitride for Heat Management in Electrical Insulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials Used
2.1.1. Polymer Matrix
- Density: 0.960 g/cm3;
- Tensile Modulus: 1450 MPa;
- Tensile Stress: 30 MPa;
- Vicat Softening Temperature: 74 °C;
- Polymer has a form of white pellets with diameter of ca. 3 mm.
2.1.2. Filler
2.2. Crosslinking of Pellets
2.2.1. Electron Beam (EB) Irradiation
2.2.2. Gamma Ray Irradiation
2.3. Characterization of HDPE Pellets
2.3.1. Thermal Properties and Crystallinity
2.3.2. Qualitative Crosslinking Tests
2.3.3. Quantitative Crosslinking Tests
2.4. Manufacturing of BN Filled HDPE Composites
2.4.1. Samples Preparation
- Pure HDPE;
- HDPE + 35 wt.% BN;
- HDPE + 55 wt.% BN.
2.4.2. Crosslinking of Rectangular Composite Samples
2.5. Shape Memory Tests
- 1.
- At the beginning, all the samples were subsequently fixed between holders of the tensile machine Instron 3367 and closed in oven as shown in Figure 2.
- 2.
- 3.
- In order to freeze the sample in elongated state and create the temporary forms of the investigated SMP, the samples were still kept stretched and cooled to reach room temperature, and then removed from holders: hereinafter referred to as a 1st stage.
- 4.
- The change of stretched distance was measured after 1st stage.
- 5.
- As the next step, the free-standing samples were heated again to temperature of 125 °C for 15 min and cooled to room temperature: hereinafter referred to as a 2nd stage.
- 6.
- Finally, the recovery of the stretched length after 2nd stage was measured.
2.6. Thermal Conductivity Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermal Properties and Crystallinity of the Non-irradiated HDPE
3.2. Qualitative Crosslinking Verification
- formation of a low amount of unsaturated bonds;
- some oxidation;
- presence of residual (trapped) free radicals in the crystalline fraction.
3.3. Quantitative Estimation of Crosslinking
3.4. Effect of Irradiation on Appearance of Samples
- change the crystalline structure and degree of crystallinity of HDPE during the bar manufacturing step (which may result, e.g., in a lower tendency to trap free radicals in the crystalline region);
- act to some extent as a radioprotective agent;
- interfere with irradiated HDPE by partial transfer and/or scavenging of radicals.
3.5. Shape Memory Phenomenon
3.6. Thermal Conductivity Measurements
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Name | BN Content (wt.%) | Gamma Irradiation Dose (kGy) |
---|---|---|
HDPE | 0 | - |
HDPE 100 | 0 | 100 |
HDPE 150 | 0 | 150 |
HDPE + 35BN | 35 | - |
HDPE + 35BN 100 | 35 | 100 |
HDPE + 35BN 150 | 35 | 150 |
HDPE + 55BN | 55 | - |
HDPE + 55BN 100 | 55 | 100 |
HDPE + 55BN 150 | 55 | 150 |
Dose (kGy) | 0 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electron beam | - | - | +/− 1 | + | + |
Gamma rays | - | - | +/− | + | + |
Area Length 1 (mm) | HDPE 100 | HDPE 150 | HDPE + 35BN 100 | HDPE + 35BN 150 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | 50.00 | 50.00 | 50.00 | 50.00 |
Stretched | 55.00 | 55.00 | 55.00 | 55.00 |
After 1st stage | 52.61 | 52.55 | 53.19 | 53.07 |
After 2nd stage | 50.18 | 50.11 | 50.81 | 50.68 |
Shape recovery 2 (%) | 99.64 | 99.78 | 98.41 | 98.66 |
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Rybak, A.; Malinowski, L.; Adamus-Wlodarczyk, A.; Ulanski, P. Thermally Conductive Shape Memory Polymer Composites Filled with Boron Nitride for Heat Management in Electrical Insulation. Polymers 2021, 13, 2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132191
Rybak A, Malinowski L, Adamus-Wlodarczyk A, Ulanski P. Thermally Conductive Shape Memory Polymer Composites Filled with Boron Nitride for Heat Management in Electrical Insulation. Polymers. 2021; 13(13):2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132191
Chicago/Turabian StyleRybak, Andrzej, Lukasz Malinowski, Agnieszka Adamus-Wlodarczyk, and Piotr Ulanski. 2021. "Thermally Conductive Shape Memory Polymer Composites Filled with Boron Nitride for Heat Management in Electrical Insulation" Polymers 13, no. 13: 2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132191