Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Plastic food Packaging and Legislation
3. Migration of Substances from Packaging to the Food
- the contact surface size, since the more extensive the contact surface between packaging and food, the higher the migration rate [24];
- the nature of the migrant, since the more volatile and the lower the molecular weight, the greater the migration rate (also the vapor pressure, water solubility, octanol solubility and polarity) [44];
- FCM material type (e.g., impermeable, permeable, porous materials) [45];
4. NIAS in Plastic Food Packaging
- Search component 1 (SC1) was a population search: “food packaging” OR “food contact article” OR “food contact material” OR “packaging, food” OR “food containers” OR “plastic packaging materials” OR “multilayer food packaging” OR “multilayer packaging materials” OR “recycled plastic packaging” OR “acrylic adhesives” OR “recycled expanded polystyrene containers” OR “polyester-polyurethane” OR “food packaging polymer” OR “biodegradable food packaging” OR “nylons” OR “polyethylenes” OR “polypropylenes” OR “polystyrenes” OR “polyurethanes” OR “polyolefins” OR “acrylic adhesives” OR “recycled expanded polystyrene containers” OR “polyester-polyurethane” OR “polyvinyls” OR “polyesters” OR “polyethylene terephthalates” OR “polyhydroxy ethyl methacrylate” OR “silicones” OR “elastomers” OR “polyvinyl chloride” OR “silicone elastomers”.
- Search component 2 (SC2) was an intervention search: “non-intentionally added substances” OR “non-intentionally added compound” OR “NIAS” OR “breakdown products” OR “impurities” OR “side products” OR “neo-formed compounds” OR “degradation of polymers” OR “degradation of compounds” OR “degradation products” OR “non-volatile migrants” OR “volatile compounds” OR “non-volatile compounds” OR “volatile organic compound” OR “polymer additives” OR “oligomers” OR “additives” OR “plastic additives” OR “additive”.
- Because the ScienceDirect database only allows the use of a maximum of thirteen keywords in the search string, for this base it was used the following search components:
- SC1: (“food packaging” OR “food contact article” OR “food contact material” OR “plastic packaging materials”).
- SC2: (“non-intentionally added substances” OR “non-intentionally added compound” OR “NIAS” OR “additives”). Table 1 presents published works that identified NIAS on different food plastic packaging, the techniques used in each work and the migration tests applied. Despite all efforts, there is much to discover and to do in this area. Below are the leading examples of possible NIAS formation, shown in Figure 3.
4.1. Oligomers
4.2. By-Products Compounds or Side Products
4.3. Breakdown Products or Degradation Products
4.4. Impurities in the Raw Materials
4.5. Contaminants
5. The Challenges of the NIAS Assessment
5.1. NIAS Identification: How to Start?
- although information about the substance’s identity as used and its impurities is necessary, more focus on the migration potential from finished materials and articles is needed. Substances used to manufacture FCM may disappear, and it may be mainly reaction products that turn up in the migrates;
- it is necessary to describe the chemical and the physical properties of a substance that are the determinants for its potential to persist or react in the final FCM and food and migration. The needed information includes: the volatility and thermal/chemical stability of the substances used as well as their impurities; the octanol-water partition coefficient (log Po/w) and the solubility of the migrating substances in solvents of different polarity and food and food simulants; their stability in food simulants and food hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract; possible chemical interactions with the food, leading to the generation of reaction products with or from the food;
- information about the level of use, the function of the substance and the manufacturing process conditions are needed for assessing the quantities, types, and nature of potentially migrating substances. Depending on the details of information accessible, such as the nature of the plastics produced using the substance, the food characteristic the plastic materials intended to contact, and whether the FCM is intended for single or repeat use applications, a more or less refined exposure estimate may be derived.
5.1.1. NIAS Extraction
5.1.2. Target Analysis for Predict NIAS
5.1.3. Non-Target Analysis for Unpredicted NIAS
6. The NIAS Risk Assessment Challenge
6.1. Strategies to Hazard Characterisation of NIAS
6.1.1. Bioassays
6.1.2. Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC)
7. Alternatives to Plastics: Biopolymers and Bioplastics
8. Conclusions
- it is estimated that most of the food contact material contain NIAS and most of the substances that migrate from plastic food packaging are unknown;
- several studies determining NIAS were carried out in polyurethane adhesives (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester coatings, polypropylene materials (PP), multilayers materials, plastic films, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), recycled materials, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE);
- breakdown products are almost the primary source of NIAS in plastic FCMs, most of the degradation products from antioxidants; following by side reaction products and oligomers;
- substances used to manufacture FCM may disappear, and it may be mainly reaction products that turn up in the migrates;
- the NIAS assessment in plastics FCMs is usually made by migration tests under worst-case conditions using food simulants (Tenax, organic solvents, water) and simulating the temperature and time of exposure;
- targeted analytical methods for the analysis of predicted NIAS are applied using GC-MS based methods for volatile NIAS and GC-MS and LC-MS based methods for semi- and non-volatile NIAS;
- non-targeted or screening methods to analyze unknown NIAS in plastic FCMs is mainly done using GC and LC techniques combined with QTOF mass spectrometry;
- for all concepts, better information transfer through the whole value chain would mainly facilitate the identification of unknown compounds since the entire supply chain has responsibility;
- NIAS could be present in the materials in deficient concentrations and still be a risk;
- in terms of risk assessment and prioritization for NIAS, the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept is the most applied tool, by comparing the semi-quantitative concentration of the chemical compound with the estimated exposure limit;
- the combination of bioassays with sensitive analytical techniques seems to be an efficient way of identifying NIAS and their hazard to human exposure; mutagenicity based on the Ames test (genotoxicity testing), together with analytical chemistry and information on packaging manufacture, could allow the application of the Cramer class III TTC to prioritize unknown NIAS;
- oligomers up to a molar weight of 1000 Da seems to be relevant under the assumption of human gastrointestinal absorption, and this cut-off should be re-evaluated by legislation;
- currently, there is an absence of industry-wide harmonized methodology on dealing with NIAS;
- for commonly investigated IAS, there is often risk assessment data available for prior research or via accredited methods, but for the more elusive NIAS, there is rarely relevant data;
- there are only a few references outside Europe and the United States regarding NIAS in food contact materials, although other territories closely follow Europe and the United States legislation;
- the guidelines need to be urgently updated;
- biopolymers/bioplastics are currently being developed as an attempt to replace conventional plastics; however, few studies on the safety of these materials and migration of compounds to food have been carried out and published in the literature;
- the migration of NIAS from biopolymers/bioplastics reported in some studies emphasize the need to evaluate these alternative materials for hazardous compounds and NIAS and establish legislation for these specific new materials.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Contact Material | NIAS | Method/Technique | Migration Tests | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Polyvinyl chloride PVC/polyethylene-PE multilayer film | Antioxidants derivatives: Triester analog of 1010; Plasticizers (contain glycerol): 1-oleoyl-3-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol; Slip agents (with an amide end group): Tetracosenamide, Docosanamide, Icosanamide; Others: 2-(2-hydroxyethyl-hexadecylamino)ethyl palmitate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) 2,2′-disulfanediyldiacetate | UPLC-QTOF/MS | Stainless-steel migration cell, water, 40% ethanol or 95% ethanol | [10] |
Multilayer plastic materials (the combination of aluminium (Al), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) | Cyclic esters (AA-DEG and AA-DEG-IPA-DEG) | UPLC-MS-QTOF and UHPLC-MS-QqQ | Ultrapure water, ethanol 10% and 95% ethanol | [25] |
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) | Cyclic oligomers | LC-MS | 50% ethanol at 80 °C | [28] |
Polyester resins, tin plate sheets coated with polyester–phenolic lacquers and corresponding press-twist-closures (equipped with plasticized polyvinyl chloride [PVC] sealings) | Polyester oligomers (cyclic oligomers, dimers, trimers and tetramers) | HPLC–DAD, HPLC–DAD/MS, GC-MS, GC–MSD and RP-HPLC–DAD/MS | Mashed infant food and two types of homemade carrot puree, Acetonitrile, 50% Etanol, 20% Etanol | [29] |
Rigid thermoformed containers and films made with Recycled polyethylene terephthalate-RPET | Chromium, nickel | CP-AES | Distilled water, 5% citric acid | [31] |
Multilayer food packaging materials | Printing unknown ink compounds | GC-MS | Tenax, isooctane and etoh 95% and etoh 50% | [32] |
Polyurethane adhesive | 1,4,7-trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione; 1,6-dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione dimer; 1,4-dioxacyclotridecane-5,13-dione; 1,4,14,19-tetraoxacyclopent acosene-5,13,20,25-tetra one and 1,4-dioxacyclotridecane-5,13-dione; by-product of the curing reaction: 1,1-(Methanediyldibenzene-4,1-diyl)bis[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)urea]; 4-(7-acetoxy-5-methoxy-8,8-dimethyl-2-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2H,6H-pyrano[3,2-g]chromen-3-yl)-1,3-phenylene diace-tate; Bis[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] 4,4′-[(2-methyl-1,3propanediyl)bis(oxycarbonylimino)] dibenzoate and Bis[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]4,4′-[1,5-p entanediylbis(oxycarbonylim ino)] dibenzoate; unknown compounds | UPLC–Q-TOF/MS | Tenax | [33] |
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) (recycled material) | Styrene dimmers are observed, like cis-1,2-diphenylcyclobutane, 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene, trans-1,2-diphenylcyclobutane and 1-phenyltetralin. These compounds were reported as by-products during styrene polymerization or material processing | HS-SPME-GC–MS | 10% (v/v) ethanol and 3%(w/v) acetic acid | [34] |
Polyethylene-PE, low-density polyethylene-LDPE and HIGH-density polyethylene-HDPE | Dibutyl amine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)alkylamines (impurity reaction or breakdown products), N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecylamine, tributylphosphine, tridodecylamine, Methyl (Ralox 35), ethyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate (breakdown of Irganox 1010 or Irganox 1076), Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, 1,1′-[2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediyl] ester and benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, 1,1′-[2-[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediyl] ester (degradation of Irganox 1010), alkylamides N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis-(breakdown or impurity products of the additive octadecanamide, N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis), Irgafos 168 OXO (oxo-derivative of Irgafos 168), 11-eicosenamide (derived from oleamide) | UPLC IMS QTOF | Ethanol 95%, ethanol 50%, Tenax, ethanol 10% and acetic acid 3% | [59] |
Empty cans with lids coated with polyester resins | Oligomers | GC–MS, HPLC-DAD/MS, UHPLC-HRMS and DART-HRMS | -- | [60] |
Polyester coatings based on NAH | Oligomers | LC-MS/MS and LC-TOF-MS | Acetonitrile, Water, 10% Aqueous ethanol (v/v), 50% Aqueous ethanol (v/v) and diverse foodstuffs | [63] |
Polyester can coating extracts | Linear and cyclic oligomers derived from the incomplete polymerization of polyester monomers, phthalic acids and diols | HPLC-MS, HPLC-ESI MS and HPLC-HRMS/MS | 95/5 etoh/water (v/v-%) solution for 4 h at 60 °C and 50/50 etoh/water (v/v-%) solution for 10 days at 60 °C | [64] |
Virgin and recycled Polyethylene terephthalate-PET pellets | Cyclic and linear oligomers: TPA-EG, (TPA-EG)2 + H2O, (TPA-EG)2, (TPA-EG)3 + H20, (TPA-EG)3, (TPA-EG)4, and (TPA-EG)5, TPA2-EG-DEG + H2O, TPA2-EG-DEG, TPA3-EG2-DEG + H2O, TPA3-EG2-DEG, and TPA4-EG3-DEG, (TPA-DEG)2 and TPA4-EG2-DEG2 | UPLC-MS-QTOF | Ethanol 10% v/v) and simulant B (acetic acid 3% w/v) as aqueous simulants and ethanol 95% v/v as a fat simulant | [65] |
Baby food squeezes with multilayer materials (Polyethylene terephthalate-PET/aluminium-Al/polyethylene-PE) | Polyester oligomers, 29 cyclic and six linear oligomers. ε-caprolactam was tentatively identified as a heterogenic polyester oligomer combined with AA, DEG, PA and NPG; BHET and diethyl 5-(2-((2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy)acetamido)isophthalate, methoxyeugenol and Bis(2-methoxyethyl) sebacate | UHPLC-ESI-QTOF MS | Baby food: mixture of fruit purées (apple, banana, pear), fruit jelly, chocolate custard, acetic acid 3% (w/v) and ethanol 20% (v/v) | [66] |
Polyurethane adhesives in multilayer packaging materials | Silane unknown compounds; degradation of antioxidants Irgafos and Irganox (2,6-Di-tert-butylbenzoquinone; isomer 2,5-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone; 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione; benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-methyl), by-product of the polyester-based urethane 91,6-Dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione); cyclic adipate; unknown nitrogen-compounds; unknown phenolic compounds; 1,4,7-Trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione | HS-SPME-GC-MS | Tenax; isooctane | [67] |
UV-curable varnishes over polypropylene | 2-propenoic acid,1,1′-[2-[[3-[2,2-bis[[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)oxy]methyl]butoxy]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediyl] ester is considered a NIAS, as it is a reaction product coming from the monomer TMPTA, 11-diethyl-7-oxo-4,6,10,12-tetraoxopentadecane-3,13-diyl diacrylate | GC-MS/Q and UHPLC-IMS/QTOF | Ethanol 95% (v/v) and Migracell® migration cells | [68] |
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), oriented polyamide (OPA), cast polypropylene (CPP), polyethylene (PE) and PE/ethyl vinyl alcohol PE(EVOH) | Primary aromatic amines-PAAs (1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione; caprolactam; 1,8,15-triazacycloheneicosane-2,9,16-trione; 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)-cyclohexane, 1-cyanodecane and 1,4-bis(isocyanatomethyl)-cyclohexane; l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucine; 1,4,7,18,21-pentaoxa-11,14,25,28-tetraazacyclohentriacontane (9CI); l-leucine; l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-; butanediamide; N4-hydroxy-N1-[(1S)-2-methyl-1-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)propyl]-2-pentyl-, (2R)-; triethylamine, naphtylethylenediamine; 1,8,15,22-tetraazacyclooctacosane-2,9,16,23-tetrone; urea; N-cyclohexyl, urea, N-cyclohexy-N′-methyl and 1-(cyclohexycarbonyl)piperazine); Dimethyl phthalate | UHPLC–Q-TOF/MSE | 3% (w/v) acetic acid | [69] |
Polypropylene random copolymer composite films | Irgafos 168 and its two degradation products, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DP1) and tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (DP2) | GC-MS | Isooctane | [70] |
Polypropylene (PP) | Degradation products derived from phenolic antioxidants, impurity/reaction product/breakdown product of the additives, Family 1: Family formed with the reference structure; was formed by the compounds that had a similar structure constituted by a group 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl; Family 2: With glycerol molecule (glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl palmitate and glyceryl dihexadecanoate, an ester of an acid chain bonded to a glycerol molecule); Family 3: Dihydroxy alquilamines (amine bonded to two ethanol molecules and also an alkyl hydrocarbon chain); Family 4: ceramide and dihydroceramide (a family of waxy lipid molecules which are composed of sphingosine (an 18 carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain) and a fatty acid); Family 5: amides bonded by ethylene (degradation products from a lubricant losing C2H4); Other compounds (amides come from the impurities or degradation products from erucamide and oleamide widely used as slip agents) | UPLC-MS-QTOF | Ethanol 95% and 10%, acetic acid 3% and Tenax | [71] |
Hot melt adhesives (Ethylene-vinyl acetate-EVA and amorphous polyolefin APAO enriched in propene) | Degradation of Irganox 1010: 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | UPLC-ESI-MS/QTOF | Tenax | [72] |
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) pellets | The degradation product of the antioxidants Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1010: 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl) phenol; 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane; linear aldehydes; residual monomers: ethylene glycol (EG); thermal degradation products: toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene; phthalates (DEP, DIBP) | HS-SPME/GC-MS | -- | [73] |
Polypropylene (PP) films | Degradation products from Irgafos 168, Tinuvin 326 and Irganox 1076 | HPLC-DAD and GC-FID–MS | Distilled water/ethanol—50/50 v/v | [74] |
Plastic films (with and without printing ink) including PE: polyethene. PET: polyethylene terephthalate. PA: Polyamide. PP: Polypropylene. EVA: Ethylene-vinyl acetate. | 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol is a degradation product of Irgafos 168 while 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone is a degradation product of antioxidants such as Irganox 1010, Irgafos 168 and Irganox PS 802 | purge and trap (P&T) coupled to GC–MS | Isooctane and Tenax | [75] |
Polypropylene (PP) | 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (degradation product of Irgafos 168 and Irganox® 1010), tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6-9-diene-2,8-dione (a by-product of the antioxidant Irganox 1010) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, a degradation product of antioxidants such as Irganox 1010, Irgafos 168 and Irganox PS 802 | GC-MS | -- | [76] |
Polypropylene food storage containers | Degradation products: 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and tris(2,4-di-tert-buthylphenyl)phosphate, methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, a compound identified as product of degradation of Irganox 1076 and/or Irganox 1010; 2,6-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone (isooctane fraction) and 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione; different compounds have been identified as metabolites of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (e.g., 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanol, phthalic acid, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), and consequently suggested as possible degradation products of this phthalate; by-product Benzothiazole; degradation products N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)alkyl amine | GC × GC−ToF MS | 3% (w/v) acetic acid, 10% (v/v) ethanol, and isooctane | [77] |
Can coatings | Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), Degradation products formed from antioxidants (1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol degradation products from antioxidants Irgafos 168 or Irganox 1076, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone degradation products from antioxidants Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1010, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, a degradation product of Irganox 1010. | GC-MS and LC-MS/MS | -- | [78] |
Recycled pellets obtained from post-consumer low-density polyethylene (PC-LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (PC-HPDE) | Polymer degradation products: octanal and nonanal (aldehydes); 3-decanone, 2-undecanone, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonanone and 3-dodecanone (ketones); hexane (others); Additives degradation products: 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (aldehyde); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone (ketones); methyl tetradecanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate and ethyl palmitate(esters); 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (others); Contaminants from external sources: methyl lactate, hexyl acetate and dimethyl butanedioate, α-methylionone, 3-(4-Isopropylphenyl)-2-methylpropionaldehyde, α-amylcinnamaldehyde, (phenylmethylene)octanal and dipropylene glycol amog others (cosmetic ingredients); alkylbenzenes (breakdown products produced by the degradation of alkylbenzene sulfonates); contamination related to food: the lactones, 5-methylfurfural, furfural and methyl hexanoate (can derive from food flavors as well as from cosmetics ingredients); furfuryl alcohol, methyl pyruvate and 2-acetyl pyridine (food flavors), methyl-2-ethylhexanoate, acetic acid, propanoic acid, pyridine and dimethyl trisulfide (rotten food products), 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (paper labels). | GC/MS and HS-SPME-GC/MS | -- | [79] |
Plastic baby bibs (polyethylene vinyl acetate-PEVA, polyamide-PA and polyethylene-PE) | Azocine, octahydro-1-nitroso-(Possible NIAS from printing ink); 1,6-Dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione (NIAS from polyurethane adhesive); 1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, tributyl ester (Tributyl aconitate) | GC-MS | Artificial saliva | [80] |
Polystyrene-PS cups and multilayer films | Styrene monomer and oligomers; polyester urethane-based oligomers (PU) cyclic oligomers: α-methylstyrene; 1,1-diphenyl-ethylene; 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene; trans-1,2-diphenycyclobutane; 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene; | GC-MS | 10% v/v ethanol in water and 50% v/v ethanol in water | [81] |
Polyurethane adhesives | 1,4,7-trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione, a lactone | UPLC-TQMS and UPLC-QTOF-MS | Tenax and 3% acetic acid | [82] |
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)-coated cans | 6-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-amine and BGA (6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) | UHPLC-HRMS | Water and 3% acetic acid | [83] |
Monolayer film with polylactic acid (PLA), polylimonene (PL) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) | Tripropylene glycol diacrylate; 10-Heneicosene; α-Tocopherol acetate; N, N-Diethyldodecanamide; N-[(9Z)-9-Octadecen-1-yl]acetamide; 1-Palmitoylglycerol and Glycerol stearate | ICP-MS, GC–Q-Orbitrap-MS and LC–Q-Orbitrap-MS | 10% ethanol, 3% acetic acid | [84] |
Flexible multilayer materials point by polyurethane (PU) layers | Polyamide oligomers; Anhydride of monomethyl succinate, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde; Erythritol monopalmitate; PU oligomers (cyclic esters made up of phthalic acid (PA); diethylene glycol (DEG) in combination 1:1 (PA-DEG) or 2:2 (PA-DEG-PA-DEG0); adipic acid (AA) or phthalic acid (PA); and diols such as diethylene glycol (DEG), neopentyl glycol (NPG), dipropylene glycol (DPG), dihydroxyalkyl ethers (dHAE), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), butylene glycol (BD) or hexanediol (HD). | UPLC MS–QTOF | Ethanol 10% v/v, acetic acid 3% w/v, and ethanol 95% v/v | [85] |
Active packaging: Polypropylene (PP); PP + green tea; PP/poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) EVOH; PP/EVOH + oregano; PP/EVOH + citral; EVOH; Polyethylene terephthalate-PET/EVOH + citral; PET/EVOH + cinnamon; PP/EVOH/PP; PP/EVOH + oregano | Degradation of active compounds; impurities from the raw materials; additives used in the manufacture of the active polymer (citral thermal reaction products; oxidation product of citral; decomposition product of adipates used as plasticizers; impurity/reaction product/breakdown product for the additives used in the manufacture of PE materials; xanthenone derivates) | UPLC-QTOF-MS | Ethanol 10%; ethanol 95% | [86] |
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film with an acrylic resin | Ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) impurities: N2-Dodecanoyl-L-arginine (LAS) | UPLC–MS(QTOF) | Ethanol 10%; ethanol 95%; sliced fresh chicken breasts | [87] |
Multilayer materials | 1,4,7-trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione, and diethylene glycol (DEG) [AA-DEG]. | LC-HRMS | Ethanol 95% and Tenax | [88] |
Silicone moulds and teats | Side reactions in the polymerization (cyclic and linear polydimethylsiloxanes; oligomeric dimethyl siloxanes) | H-NMR and GC-MS | Pizza | [89] |
Polyurethane adhesives commonly used for food-contact laminated films | No NIAS detected. | GC–MS | Isooctane | [90] |
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)—and polyethylene (PE)—based cling-films | 2-ethyl hexanoic acid (2-EHA), triacetin | Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction and GC/MS | PDO Italian cheeses during cold storage under light or dark | [91] |
Oriented polypropylene (OPP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with printing inks | Printing unknown ink compounds | UPLC-QTOF-MS | Ethanol (95%) and Tenax | [92] |
Polyurethanes (PURs) | Pyridine (NIAS, solvent); Dimethylacetamide (NIAS, solvent); 1,4-Dioxane (NIAS, reaction medium); Aniline NIAS, precursor, o-Toluidine NIAS, degradation product, Diaminotoluene NIAS, intermediate, o-Anisidine NIAS, intermediate, 1,4,7-trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione, Myristamide NIAS, contaminant, Palmitamide NIAS, contaminant, Oleamide NIAS, contaminant, Stearamide NIAS, contaminant. | GC-MS and DART-MS | -- | [93] |
Polycarbonate (PC) | Oligomers; PC-degradation products | UHPLC–ESI Q-orbitrap | -- | [94] |
Candy wrappers based on plastic and paper materials | 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone, a degradation product of BHT, Diethyl maleate, Triacetin, Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 3-Hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl ester, Diethyl phthalate, Diisobutyl phthalate, 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6-9-diene-2,8-dione, Heneicosane, Tributyl aconitate, Docosane, Tricosane, Tetracosane, Pentacosane, Hexacosane, Heptacosane, Octocosane, Squalene, n-Nonacosane, Glycerol tricaprylate | GC-MS | -- | [95] |
Polyester-polyurethane lacquers | Impurities or degradation products of IPDI trimer IPDI and DPMDI, two cyclic oligoesters, 2EG + 2TPA and 2NPG + 2oPA | GC-(EI)qMS, GC-(EI)Orbitrap, GC-(APCI)TOFHRMS and GC(×GC)-(EI)TOFLRMS | -- | [96] |
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) | Cyclic oligomers from dimer to pentamer containing TPA and BD, cyclic oligomers, linear oligomers, dehydration products | HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS | -- | [97] |
Multilayer plastic materials (polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plus nylon) | Four cyclic oligomers of caprolactam (dimer, trimer, tetramer, and pentamer); by-products-cyclic ester oligomers made of the monomers adipic acid (AA), phthalic acid (PA), diethylene glycol (DEG), monoethylene glycol (MEG) and neopentilglycol (NPG); Nylon cyclic dimer, Caprolactam Cyclic Trimer, AA-DEG, Caprolactam Cyclic Tetramer, Caprolactam Cyclic Pentamer, PA-DEG, Cyclic ester made up of Phthalic acid and diethylene glycol in combination 1:2, AA-MEG-AA-MEG, AA-MEG-AA-DEG, AA-DEG-AA-DEG, PA-MEG-AA-DEG, PA-DEG-PA-DEG, PA-DEG-AA-NPG, AA-BD, AA-BD-AA-BD, AA-DEG + H2O, AA-DEG-PA-DEG + H2O, 3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxabicyclo(15.3.1)henicosa-1(21),17,19-triene-2,16-dione, 1,6-dioxacyclodecane-7,12-dione, 1,6-dioxacyclodecane-7,12-dione, 1,6,13,18-tetraoxacyclotetracosane-2,5,14,17-tetrone | LC-HRAMS and LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS | 3% acetic acid in water (w/v) and 20% of ethanol in water (v/v) | [98] |
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) films | Calcite (CaCO3), calcium sulphate (CaSO4), polystyrene (PS) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), Ca and Ti | Raman spectroscopy and ICP-MS | -- | [99] |
Water-based acrylic adhesive | 2-(12-(methacryloyloxy) dodecyl)malonic acid | GC-MS and UPLC-QTOF | Poly(2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide) (Tenax®) | [100] |
High and low-density polyethylene(HDPE and LDPE) | Phthalic anhydride, phthalic acid, di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) | FIA-MS, LTQ-Orbitrap | -- | [101] |
Multilayer materials with barrier properties | Acids (nonanoic acid), Alcohols (2-nonen-1-ol), Aldehydes (5-hydroxymethylfurfural), Aldehydes (5-hydroxymethylfurfural), Alkanes (n-dodecane), Alkenes (1-undecene), Antioxidants (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), Aromatics (1,3-di-tert-butyl-benzene), Cyclics (n-propyl-cyclohexane), Esters (ethyl hydrogen sebacate), Ethers (1,1′-oxybis-octane), Ketones (2-undecanone), Oxidation Products (2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone) | SPME–GC–MS | -- | [102] |
Polyester Coatings | Oligomers | HPLC-DAD/CAD, HPLC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS | Water, 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and isooctane | [103] |
Low-density polyethylen-LDPE and polyamide-PA added of NBBS, α-MSD, Irganox 1081, Irganox 1222, Santonox; LDPE 2/PA 6 2: Nonox A, Neozon D, Antioxidant 2246, Tinuvin P, TOTM | Degradation products of TOTM, including DEHP, isophthalate bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxylate (DOIP); decomposition product of NBBS was N-ethyl-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide; The formation of the cyclic saturated isomer (1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-2H-indene) is triggered by thermal impact, and so is the rearrangement of the carbon double bond to form isomer 2,4-diphenyl-4-methyl-2(E)-pentene). Decomposition product 2,3-dimethyl-3-phenylbutan-2-yl)benzene is formed by combining two cumyl radicals during pyrolysis of the pure additive and pyrolysis of LDPE entailing α-MSD. The degradation product of Neozon D and Nonox A identified in oxidative pyrolysis of the pure analyte was 10-methyl-benz[a]acridine; degradation products of Antioxidant 2246, Santonox, Irganox 1222/1081 and Tinuvin P: o-cresol, m-cresol or p-cresol, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol and 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | Pyr-GC–MS and GC-EI-MS/MS | -- | [104] |
Food Contact Material | NIAS | Method/Technique | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Polycarbonate (PC) | Oligomers | UHPLC–ESI Q-orbitrap | [94] |
Polyester Coatings | Oligomers | HPLC-DAD/CAD, HPLC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS | [60] |
Polyester coatings based on NAH | Oligomers | LC-MS/MS and LC-TOF-MS | [63] |
Polyester can coating extracts | Linear and cyclic oligomers derived from the incomplete polymerization of polyester monomers, phthalic acids and diols | HPLC-MS, HPLC-ESI MS and HPLC-HRMS/MS | [64] |
Empty cans with lids coated with polyester resins | Oligomers | GC–MS, HPLC-DAD/MS, UHPLC-HRMS and DART-HRMS | [60] |
Polyester resins, tin plate sheets coated with polyester–phenolic lacquers and corresponding press-twist-closures (equipped with plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sealings) | Polyester oligomers (cyclic oligomers, dimers, trimers and tetramers) | HPLC–DAD, HPLC–DAD/MS, GC-MS, GC–MSD and RP-HPLC–DAD/MS | [29] |
Flexible multilayer materials point by polyurethane (PU) layers | Polyamide oligomers, PU oligomers (cyclic esters made up of phthalic acid (PA) | UPLC MS–QTOF | [85] |
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) | Cyclic oligomers | LC-MS | [28] |
Virgin and recycled Polyethylene terephthalate-PET pellets | Cyclic and linear oligomers: TPA-EG, (TPA-EG)2 + H2O, (TPA-EG)2, (TPA-EG)3 + H20, (TPA-EG)3, (TPA-EG)4, and (TPA-EG)5, TPA2-EG-DEG + H2O, TPA2-EG-DEG, TPA3-EG2-DEG + H2O, TPA3-EG2-DEG, and TPA4-EG3-DEG, (TPA-DEG)2 and TPA4-EG2-DEG2 | UPLC-MS-QTOF | [65] |
Baby food squeezes with multilayer materials (Polyethylene terephthalate-PET/aluminium-Al/polyethylene-PE) | Polyester oligomers, 29 cyclic and six linear oligomers. ε-caprolactam was tentatively identified as a heterogenic polyester oligomer combined with AA, DEG, PA and NPG; BHET and diethyl 5-(2-((2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy)acetamido)isophthalate, methoxyeugenol and Bis(2-methoxyethyl) sebacate | UHPLC-ESI-QTOF MS | [66] |
Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) | Cyclic oligomers from dimer to pentamer containing TPA and BD, cyclic oligomers, linear oligomers, dehydration products | HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS | [97] |
Multilayer plastic materials (polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plus nylon | Four cyclic oligomers of caprolactam (dimer, trimer, tetramer, and pentamer); by-products-cyclic ester oligomers made of the monomers adipic acid (AA), phthalic acid (PA), diethylene glycol (DEG), monoethylene glycol (MEG) and neopentilglycol (NPG); Nylon cyclic dimer, Caprolactam Cyclic Trimer, AA-DEG, Caprolactam Cyclic Tetramer, Caprolactam Cyclic Pentamer, PA-DEG, Cyclic ester made up of Phthalic acid and diethylene glycol in combination 1:2, AA-MEG-AA-MEG, AA-MEG-AA-DEG, AA-DEG-AA-DEG, PA-MEG-AA-DEG, PA-DEG-PA-DEG, PA-DEG-AA-NPG, AA-BD, AA-BD-AA-BD, AA-DEG + H2O, AA-DEG-PA-DEG + H2O, 3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxabicyclo(15.3.1)henicosa-1(21),17,19-triene-2,16-dione, 1,6-dioxacyclodecane-7,12-dione, 1,6-dioxacyclodecane-7,12-dione, 1,6,13,18-tetraoxacyclotetracosane-2,5,14,17-tetrone | LC-HRAMS and LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS | [98] |
Polystyrene-PS cups and multilayer films | Styrene monomer and oligomers; polyester urethane-based oligomers (PU) cyclic oligomers: α-methylstyrene; 1,1-diphenyl-ethylene; 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene; trans-1,2-diphenycyclobutane; 2,4,6-triphenyl-1-hexene; | GC-MS | [81] |
Food Contact Material | NIAS | Method/Technique | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Active packaging: Polypropylene (PP); PP + green tea; PP/poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) EVOH; PP/EVOH + oregano; PP/EVOH + citral; EVOH; Polyethylene terephthalate-PET/EVOH + citral; PET/EVOH + cinnamon; PP/EVOH/PP; PP/EVOH + oregano | Degradation of active compounds; impurities from the raw materials; additives used in the manufacture of the active polymer (citral thermal reaction products; oxidation product of citral; decomposition product of adipates used as plasticizers; impurity/reaction product/breakdown product for the additives used in the manufacture of PE materials; xanthenone derivates) | UPLC-QTOF-MS | [86] |
Polyurethane adhesives in multilayer packaging materials | By-product of the polyester-based urethane 91,6-Dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione); cyclic adipate; unknown nitrogen-compounds; unknown phenolic compounds; 1,4,7-Trioxacyclotridecane-8,13-dione | HS-SPME-GC-MS | [67] |
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), oriented polyamide (OPA), cast polypropylene (CPP), polyethylene (PE) and PE/ethyl vinyl alcohol PE(EVOH) | Primary aromatic amines-PAAs (1,8-diazacyclotetradecane-2,9-dione; caprolactam; 1,8,15-triazacycloheneicosane-2,9,16-trione; 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)-cyclohexane, 1-cyanodecane and 1,4-bis(isocyanatomethyl)-cyclohexane; l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucine; 1,4,7,18,21-pentaoxa-11,14,25,28-tetraazacyclohentriacontane (9CI); l-leucine; l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-l-leucyl-; butanediamide; N4-hydroxy-N1-[(1S)-2-methyl-1-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)propyl]-2-pentyl-, (2R)-; triethylamine, naphtylethylenediamine; 1,8,15,22-tetraazacyclooctacosane-2,9,16,23-tetrone; urea; N-cyclohexyl, urea, N-cyclohexy-N′-methyl and 1-(cyclohexycarbonyl)piperazine); Dimethyl phthalate | UHPLC–Q-TOF/MSE | [69] |
Silicone moulds and teats | Side reactions in the polymerization (cyclic and linear polydimethylsiloxanes; oligomeric dimethyl siloxanes) | H-NMR and GC-MS | [89] |
Multilayer plastic materials (polyethylene (PE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plus nylon | By-products-cyclic ester oligomers made of the monomers adipic acid (AA), phthalic acid (PA), diethylene glycol (DEG), monoethylene glycol (MEG) and neopentilglycol (NPG) | LC-HRAMS and LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS | [98] |
Polypropylene food storage containers | By-product Benzothiazole | GC × GC−ToF MS | [77] |
UV-curable varnishes over polypropylene | 2-propenoic acid,1,1′-[2-[[3-[2,2-bis[[(1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)oxy]methyl]butoxy]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediyl] ester is considered a NIAS, as it is a reaction product coming from the monomer TMPTA, 11-diethyl-7-oxo-4,6,10,12-tetraoxopentadecane-3,13-diyl diacrylate | GC-MS/Q and UHPLC-IMS/QTOF | [68] |
Food Contact Material | NIAS | Method/Technique | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Active packaging: Polypropylene (PP); PP + green tea; PP/poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) EVOH; PP/EVOH + oregano; PP/EVOH + citral; EVOH; Polyethylene terephthalate-PET/EVOH + citral; PET/EVOH + cinnamon; PP/EVOH/PP; PP/EVOH + oregano | Degradation of active compounds; impurities from the raw materials; additives used in the manufacture of the active polymer (citral thermal reaction products; oxidation product of citral; decomposition product of adipates used as plasticizers; impurity/reaction product/breakdown product for the additives used in the manufacture of PE materials; xanthenone derivates) | UPLC-QTOF-MS | [86] |
Polyurethane adhesives in multilayer packaging materials | Silane unknown compounds; degradation of antioxidants Irgafos and Irganox (2,6-Di-tert-butylbenzoquinone; isomer 2,5-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone; 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione; benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-methyl) | HS-SPME-GC-MS | [67] |
Hot melt adhesives (Ethylene-vinyl acetate-EVA and amorphous polyolefin APAO enriched in propene) | Degradation of Irganox 1010: 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | UPLC-ESI-MS/QTOF | [72] |
Polyethylene terephthalate-PET pellets | The degradation product of the antioxidants Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1010: 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl) phenol; 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane; linear aldehydes; residual monomers: ethylene glycol (EG); thermal degradation products: toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene; phthalates (DEP, DIBP) | HS-SPME/GC-MS | [73] |
Polycarbonate (PC) | Oligomers; PC-degradation products | UHPLC–ESI Q-orbitrap | [94] |
Polypropylene (PP) films | Degradation products from Irgafos 168, Tinuvin 326 and Irganox 1076 | HPLC-DAD and GC-FID–MS | [74] |
Candy wrappers based on plastic and paper materials | 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone, a degradation product of BHT, Diethyl maleate, Triacetin, Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 3-Hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl ester, Diethyl phthalate, Diisobutyl phthalate, 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6-9-diene-2,8-dione, Heneicosane, Tributyl aconitate, Docosane, Tricosane, Tetracosane, Pentacosane, Hexacosane, Heptacosane, Octocosane, Squalene, n-Nonacosane, Glycerol tricaprylate | GC-MS | [95] |
Polypropylene (PP) | Degradation products derived from phenolic antioxidants, impurity/reaction product/breakdown product of the additives, Family 1: Family formed with the reference structure; was formed by the compounds that had a similar structure constituted by a group 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl; Family 2: With glycerol molecule (glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl palmitate and glyceryl dihexadecanoate, an ester of an acid chain bonded to a glycerol molecule); Family 3: Dihydroxy alquilamines (amine bonded to two ethanol molecules and also an alkyl hydrocarbon chain); Family 4: ceramide and dihydroceramide (a family of waxy lipid molecules which are composed of sphingosine (an 18 carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain) and a fatty acid); Family 5: amides bonded by ethylene (degradation products from a lubricant losing C2H4); Other compounds (amides come from the impurities or degradation products from erucamide and oleamide widely used as slip agents) | UPLC-MS-QTOF | [71] |
Polypropylene (PP) | 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (degradation product of Irgafos 168 and Irganox® 1010), tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6-9-diene-2,8-dione (a by-product of the antioxidant Irganox 1010) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, a degradation product of antioxidants such as Irganox 1010, Irgafos 168 and Irganox PS 802 | GC-MS | [76] |
Polypropylene random copolymer composite films | Irgafos 168 and its two degradation products, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DP1) and tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (DP2) | GC-MS | [70] |
Plastic films (with and without printing ink) including PE: polyethylene. PET: Polyethylene terephthalate. PA: Polyamide. PP: Polypropylene. EVA: Ethylene-vinyl acetate. | 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol is a degradation product of Irgafos 168 while 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone is a degradation product of antioxidants such as Irganox 1010, Irgafos 168 and Irganox PS 802 | purge and trap (P&T) coupled to GC–MS | [75] |
Polypropylene food storage containers | Degradation products, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and tris(2,4-di-tert-buthylphenyl)phosphate, methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, a compound identified as product of degradation of Irganox 1076 and/or Irganox 1010, 2,6-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone (isooctane fraction) and 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanol, phthalic acid, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), and consequently suggested as possible degradation products of this phthalate, by-product Benzothiazole, degradation products N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)alkyl amine | GC × GC−ToF MS | [77] |
Polyethylene-PE, low-density polyethylene-LDPE and HIGH-density polyethylene-HDPE | Dibutyl amine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)alkylamines (impurity reaction or breakdown products), N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecylamine, tributylphosphine, tridodecylamine, Methyl (Ralox 35), ethyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate (breakdown of Irganox 1010 or Irganox 1076), Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, 1,1′-[2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediyl] ester and benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, 1,1′-[2-[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediyl] ester (degradation of Irganox 1010), alkylamides N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis-(breakdown or impurity products of the additive octadecanamide, N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis), Irgafos 168 OXO (oxo-derivative of Irgafos 168), 11-eicosenamide (derived from oleamide) | UPLC IMS QTOF | [59] |
Can coatings | Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), Degradation products formed from antioxidants (1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol degradation products from antioxidants Irgafos 168 or Irganox 1076, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone degradation products from antioxidants Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1010, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, a degradation product of Irganox 1010. | GC-MS and LC-MS/MS | [78] |
Low-density polyethylene-LDPE and polyamide-PA added of NBBS, α-MSD, Irganox 1081, Irganox 1222, Santonox; LDPE 2/PA 6 2: Nonox A, Neozon D, Antioxidant 2246, Tinuvin P, TOTM | Degradation products of TOTM, including DEHP, isophthalate bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxylate (DOIP); decomposition product of NBBS was N-ethyl-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide; The formation of the cyclic saturated isomer (1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-2H-indene) is triggered by the thermal impact, and so is the rearrangement of the carbon double bond to form isomer 2,4-diphenyl-4-methyl-2(E)-pentene). Decomposition product 2,3-dimethyl-3-phenylbutan-2-yl)benzene is formed by combining two cumyl radicals during pyrolysis of the pure additive and pyrolysis of LDPE entailing α-MSD. The degradation product of Neozon D and Nonox A identified in oxidative pyrolysis of the pure analyte was 10-methyl-benz[a]acridine; degradation products of Antioxidant 2246, Santonox, Irganox 1222/1081 and Tinuvin P: o-cresol, m-cresol or p-cresol, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol and 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | Pyr-GC–MS and GC-EI-MS/MS | [104] |
Recycled pellets obtained from post-consumer low-density polyethylene (PC-LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (PC-HPDE) | Polymer degradation products: octanal and nonanal (aldehydes); 3-decanone, 2-undecanone, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonanone and 3-dodecanone (ketones); hexane (others); Additives degradation products: 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (aldehyde); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone (ketones); methyl tetradecanoate, ethyl tetradecanoate and ethyl palmitate(esters); 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (others); Contaminants from external sources: methyl lactate, hexyl acetate, and dimethyl butanedioate, α-methylionone, 3-(4-Isopropylphenyl)-2-methylpropionaldehyde, α-amylcinnamaldehyde, (phenylmethylene)octanal and dipropylene glycol amog others (cosmetic ingredients); alkylbenzenes (breakdown products produced by the degradation of alkylbenzene sulfonates); contamination related to food: the lactones, 5-methylfurfural, furfural and methyl hexanoate (can derive from food flavors as well as from cosmetics ingredients); furfuryl alcohol, methyl pyruvate and 2-acetyl pyridine (food flavors), methyl-2-ethylhexanoate, acetic acid, propanoic acid, pyridine and dimethyl trisulfide (rotten food products), 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (paper labels). | GC/MS and HS-SPME-GC/MS | [79] |
Food Contact Material | NIAS | Method/Technique | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Active packaging: Polypropylene (PP); PP + green tea; PP/poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) EVOH; PP/EVOH + oregano; PP/EVOH + citral; EVOH; Polyethylene terephthalate-PET/EVOH + citral; PET/EVOH + cinnamon; PP/EVOH/PP; PP/EVOH + oregano | Degradation of active compounds; impurities from the raw materials; additives used in the manufacture of the active polymer (citral thermal reaction products; oxidation product of citral; decomposition product of adipates used as plasticizers; impurity/reaction product/breakdown product for the additives used in the manufacture of PE materials; xanthenone derivates) | UPLC-QTOF-MS | [86] |
Polyethylene terephthalate-PET film with an acrylic resin | Ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) impurities: N2-Dodecanoyl-l-arginine (LAS) | UPLC–MS(QTOF) | [87] |
Polypropylene (PP) | Degradation products derived from phenolic antioxidants, impurity/reaction product/breakdown product of the additives, Family 1: Family formed with the reference structure; was formed by the compounds that had a similar structure constituted by a group 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl; Family 2: With glycerol molecule (glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl palmitate and glyceryl dihexadecanoate, an ester of an acid chain bonded to a glycerol molecule); Family 3: Dihydroxy alquilamines (amine bonded to two ethanol molecules and also an alkyl hydrocarbon chain); Family 4: ceramide and dihydroceramide (a family of waxy lipid molecules which are composed of sphingosine (an 18 carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain) and a fatty acid); Family 5: amides bonded by ethylene (degradation products from a lubricant losing C2H4); Other compounds (amides come from the impurities or degradation products from erucamide and oleamide widely used as slip agents) | UPLC-MS-QTOF | [71] |
Polyester-polyurethane lacquers | Impurities or degradation products of IPDI trimer IPDI and DPMDI, two cyclic oligoesters, 2EG + 2TPA and 2NPG + 2oPA | GC-(EI)qMS, GC-(EI)Orbitrap, GC-(APCI)TOFHRMS and GC(×GC)-(EI)TOFLRMS | [96] |
Plastic baby bibs (polyethylene vinyl acetate-PEVA, polyamide-PA and polyethylene-PE) | Azocine, octahydro-1-nitroso-(Possible NIAS from printing ink); 1,6-Dioxacyclododecane-7,12-dione (NIAS from polyurethane adhesive); 1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, tributyl ester (Tributyl aconitate) | GC-MS | [80] |
Food Contact Material | NIAS | Method/Technique | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Rigid thermoformed containers and films made with Recycled polyethylene terephthalate-RPET | Chromium, nickel | ICP-AES | [31] |
Recycled pellets obtained from post-consumer low-density polyethylene (PC-LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (PC-HPDE) | Contaminants from external sources: methyl lactate, hexyl acetate, and dimethyl butanedioate, α-methylionone, 3-(4-Isopropylphenyl)-2-methylpropionaldehyde, α-amylcinnamaldehyde, (phenylmethylene)octanal and dipropylene glycol amog others (cosmetic ingredients); alkylbenzenes (breakdown products produced by the degradation of alkylbenzene sulfonates); contamination related to food: the lactones, 5-methylfurfural, furfural and methyl hexanoate (can derive from food flavors as well as from cosmetics ingredients); furfuryl alcohol, methyl pyruvate and 2-acetyl pyridine (food flavors), methyl-2-ethylhexanoate, acetic acid, propanoic acid, pyridine and dimethyl trisulfide (rotten food products), 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (paper labels). | GC/MS and HS-SPME-GC/MS | [79] |
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) films | Calcite (CaCO3), calcium sulphate (CaSO4), polystyrene (PS) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), Ca and Ti | Raman spectroscopy and ICP-MS | [99] |
Food Simulant | Recommendation to Use | Examples of Food |
---|---|---|
Ethanol 10% (v/v) (A) | Hydrophilic character and can extract hydrophilic Substances | Fresh vegetables, peeled or cut |
Acetic acid 3% (w/v) (B) | Hydrophilic character and can extract hydrophilic substances; food with pH < 4.5 | Clear drinks: Water, ciders, clear fruit or vegetable juices of normal strength or concentrated, fruit nectars, lemonades, syrups, bitters, infusions, coffee, tea, beers, soft drinks, energy drinks and the like, flavored water, liquid coffee extract |
Ethanol 20% (v/v) (C) | Hydrophilic character and can extract hydrophilic substances; alcoholic foods with an alcohol content of up to 20% and those foods which contain a relevant amount of organic ingredients that render the food more lipophilic | Ice-creams |
Ethanol 50% (v/v) (D1) | Lipophilic character and can extract lipophilic substances; for alcoholic foods with an alcohol content of above 20% and oil in water Emulsions | Milk and milk-based drinks whole, partly dried and skimmed or partly skimmed |
Vegetable oil (D2) | Lipophilic character and can extract lipophilic substances; foods which contain free fats at the surface | Animals and vegetable fats and oils, whether natural or treated (including cocoa butter, lard, resolidified butter) |
Poly (2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide), particle size 60–80 mesh, pore size 200 nm (E) | For testing specific migration into dry foods | Cereal flour and meal |
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Kato, L.S.; Conte-Junior, C.A. Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment. Polymers 2021, 13, 2077. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132077
Kato LS, Conte-Junior CA. Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment. Polymers. 2021; 13(13):2077. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132077
Chicago/Turabian StyleKato, Lilian Seiko, and Carlos A. Conte-Junior. 2021. "Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment" Polymers 13, no. 13: 2077. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132077
APA StyleKato, L. S., & Conte-Junior, C. A. (2021). Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment. Polymers, 13(13), 2077. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13132077