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Polymers
Volume 13
Issue 11
10.3390/polym13111849
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Article

Radiation-Induced Graft Immobilization (RIGI): Covalent Binding of Non-Vinyl Compounds on Polymer Membranes

by
Martin Schmidt
1,
Stefan Zahn
1,
Florian Gehlhaar
1,
Andrea Prager
1,
Jan Griebel
1,
Axel Kahnt
1,
Wolfgang Knolle
1,
Robert Konieczny
1,
Roger Gläser
2 and
Agnes Schulze
1,*
1
Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
2
Institute of Chemical Technology, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2021, 13(11), 1849; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111849
Submission received: 22 April 2021 / Revised: 25 May 2021 / Accepted: 28 May 2021 / Published: 2 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Surface Functionalization of Polymer Nanostructures)
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Abstract

Radiation-induced graft immobilization (RIGI) is a novel method for the covalent binding of substances on polymeric materials without the use of additional chemicals. In contrast to the well-known radiation-induced graft polymerization (RIGP), RIGI can use non-vinyl compounds such as small and large functional molecules, hydrophilic polymers, or even enzymes. In a one-step electron-beam-based process, immobilization can be performed in a clean, fast, and continuous operation mode, as required for industrial applications. This study proposes a reaction mechanism using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and two small model molecules, glycine and taurine, in aqueous solution. Covalent coupling of single molecules is achieved by radical recombination and alkene addition reactions, with water radiolysis playing a crucial role in the formation of reactive solute species. Hydroxyl radicals contribute mainly to the immobilization, while solvated electrons and hydrogen radicals play a minor role. Release of fluoride is mainly induced by direct ionization of the polymer and supported by water. Hydrophobic chains attached to cations appear to enhance the covalent attachment of solutes to the polymer surface. Computational work is complemented by experimental studies, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fluoride high-performance ion chromatography (HPIC).
Keywords: polymer surface; membrane; radiation-induced grafting; electron beam; reaction mechanism; DFT; MD polymer surface; membrane; radiation-induced grafting; electron beam; reaction mechanism; DFT; MD
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MDPI and ACS Style

Schmidt, M.; Zahn, S.; Gehlhaar, F.; Prager, A.; Griebel, J.; Kahnt, A.; Knolle, W.; Konieczny, R.; Gläser, R.; Schulze, A. Radiation-Induced Graft Immobilization (RIGI): Covalent Binding of Non-Vinyl Compounds on Polymer Membranes. Polymers 2021, 13, 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111849

AMA Style

Schmidt M, Zahn S, Gehlhaar F, Prager A, Griebel J, Kahnt A, Knolle W, Konieczny R, Gläser R, Schulze A. Radiation-Induced Graft Immobilization (RIGI): Covalent Binding of Non-Vinyl Compounds on Polymer Membranes. Polymers. 2021; 13(11):1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111849

Chicago/Turabian Style

Schmidt, Martin, Stefan Zahn, Florian Gehlhaar, Andrea Prager, Jan Griebel, Axel Kahnt, Wolfgang Knolle, Robert Konieczny, Roger Gläser, and Agnes Schulze. 2021. "Radiation-Induced Graft Immobilization (RIGI): Covalent Binding of Non-Vinyl Compounds on Polymer Membranes" Polymers 13, no. 11: 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111849

APA Style

Schmidt, M., Zahn, S., Gehlhaar, F., Prager, A., Griebel, J., Kahnt, A., Knolle, W., Konieczny, R., Gläser, R., & Schulze, A. (2021). Radiation-Induced Graft Immobilization (RIGI): Covalent Binding of Non-Vinyl Compounds on Polymer Membranes. Polymers, 13(11), 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111849

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