Reactive Sintering of Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Modified by a Trans-Polyoctenamer Rubber and Curing Additives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Curing Characteristics
3.2. FTIR Analysis
3.3. Physico-Mechanical Properties
3.4. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.6. Acoustic Properties
3.7. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Mooney Viscosity ML(1 + 4) at 100 °C (MU) | Glass Transition Temperature (°C) | Melting Point (°C) | Crystallinity (%) | Thermal Degradation (°C) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | DIN 53 523 | ISO 11357-1/-2 | ISO 11357-1/-3 | DSC (2nd heating) | TGA | ISO 527 | ISO 527 |
Value | <10 | −65 | 54 | ~30 | 275 | 8.5 | 400 |
Components (phr) | Sample Code | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GTR | GTR/TOR | GTR/TORS | GTR/TORCBS | GTR/TORMBTS | GTR/TORSDT | GTR/TORS80 | |
GTR | 100 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
TOR | - | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Sulfur | - | - | 3 | - | - | - | - |
CBS | - | - | - | 3 | - | - | - |
MBTS-80 | - | - | - | - | 3.75 | - | - |
SDT-50 | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | - |
S-80 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.75 |
Properties | GTR | GTR/TOR | GTR/TORS | GTR/TORCBS | GTR/TORMBTS | GTR/TORSDT | GTR/TORS80 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimal torque (dNm) | - | - | 19.2 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 18.9 | 18.7 |
Maximal torque (dNm) | - | - | 44.5 | 29.7 | 27.9 | 34.8 | 41.6 |
ΔM (dNm) | - | - | 25.3 | 13.9 | 12.4 | 15.9 | 22.9 |
Scorch time (min) | - | - | 1.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 1.5 |
Optimum cure time (min) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 3.4 | 4.2 |
Cure rate index (min−1) | - | - | 31.9 | 44.6 | 24 | 42.7 | 38 |
Thermal aging resistance (%) | - | - | 0.7 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.9 | −3.5 |
Properties | GTR | GTR/TOR | GTR/TORS | GTR/TORCBS | GTR/TORMBTS | GTR/TORSDT | GTR/TORS80 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tensile strength (MPa) | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 0.4 |
Elongation at break (%) | 198 ± 3 | 111 ± 13 | 167 ± 8 | 128 ± 14 | 132 ± 11 | 164 ± 8 | 186 ± 5 |
M100 (MPa) | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.1 |
Hardness (Shore A) | 56 ± 1 | 68 ± 1 | 72 ± 1 | 72 ± 1 | 70 ± 1 | 71 ± 1 | 72 ± 1 |
Density (g/cm3) | 1.178 ± 0.002 | 1.145 ± 0.008 | 1.164 ± 0.001 | 1.146 ± 0.003 | 1.150 ± 0.008 | 1.141 ± 0.002 | 1.153 ± 0.002 |
Swelling degree (%) | 163.5 ± 3.2 | 172.1 ± 4.2 | 138.9 ± 8.7 | 170.7 ± 1.6 | 176.4 ± 1.3 | 159.8 ± 0.4 | 149.3 ± 0.4 |
Sol fraction (%) | 10.5 ± 0.1 | 20.5 ± 0.5 | 9.8 ± 0.4 | 15.9 ± 0.3 | 17.9 ± 0.1 | 12.5 ± 0.1 | 10.4 ± 0.1 |
Sample Composition | Sample Preparation | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation at Break (%) | Hardness (Shore A) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GTR/TOR/active compound 90/10/3 | mixing at ambient temperature compression molding 180 °C | 3.1–5.8 | 128–198 | 56–72 | This study |
GTR/recycled PE/TOR 90/10/9 | extrusion at 150–180 °C injection molding at 180–190 °C | ~2.1 * | ~70 * | ~78 * | [22] |
GTR/bitumen/PCL 90/10/10 | mixing GTR with bitumen at ambient temperature, then mixing with PCL at 120 °C compression molding at 120 °C | 2.1–2.4 | 89–92 | 61–63 | [32] |
GTR/EVA 100/10 | extrusion at 60 °C, compression molding at 140–180 °C | 2.7–3.4 | 125–164 | 63–65 | [33] |
waste thermoplastic polyurethane/waste SBR/PE-g-MA 90/10/5 | mixing at 170–175 °C compression molding at 170 °C | 4.8 | 280 | 81 | [34] |
recycled LDPE/GTR/EVA 30/40/30 | extrusion at 165–175 °C injection molding at 165–190 °C | ~7.8 * | ~180 * | unknown | [35] |
GTR/PP/TOR/curing system 60/40/10/9.5 | mixing at 180 °C (dynamic vulcanization) | ~8.0 | ~25 | unknown | [36] |
Sample | T−2% | T−5% | T−10% | T−50% | Char Residues at 750 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GTR | 258.0 | 315.5 | 355.5 | 450.5 | 35.7 |
GTR/TOR | 261.2 | 318.7 | 356.2 | 453.7 | 29.7 |
GTR/TORS | 245.9 | 313.4 | 358.4 | 448.4 | 31.6 |
GTR/TORCBS | 225.9 | 290.9 | 345.9 | 453.4 | 32.3 |
GTR/TORMBTS | 253.2 | 303.2 | 348.2 | 453.2 | 31.3 |
GTR/TORSDT | 250.6 | 295.6 | 348.1 | 450.6 | 28.1 |
GTR/TORS80 | 243.1 | 305.6 | 353.1 | 450.6 | 31.4 |
Frequency (Hz) | Sample Code | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GTR | GTR/TOR | GTR/TORS | GTR/TORCBS | GTR/TORMBTS | GTR/TORSDT | GTR/TORS80 | |
Sound Absorption Coefficient (α) | |||||||
125 | −0.07661 | 0.10734 | 0.03289 | 0.0307 | −0.07653 | 0.02072 | −0.07766 |
250 | 0.01146 | 0.01599 | 0.01566 | 0.01529 | 0.01709 | 0.00817 | 0.01525 |
500 | 0.02254 | 0.01958 | 0.02348 | 0.01994 | 0.02095 | 0.02025 | 0.01888 |
1000 | 0.02352 | 0.02251 | 0.02832 | 0.02433 | 0.02644 | 0.02423 | 0.0233 |
2000 | 0.02689 | 0.0224 | 0.03775 | 0.02053 | 0.03622 | 0.02178 | 0.0209 |
4000 | 0.05472 | 0.0623 | 0.05146 | 0.03849 | 0.04037 | 0.03726 | 0.03814 |
Average | 0.01042 | 0.041687 | 0.031593 | 0.02488 | 0.010757 | 0.022068 | 0.006468 |
Frequency (Hz) | Sample Code | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GTR | GTR/TOR | GTR/TORS | GTR/TORCBS | GTR/TORMBTS | GTR/TORSDT | GTR/TORS80 | |
Sound Absorption Coefficient (α) | |||||||
100–315 | 0.06323 | 0.103741 | 0.055114 | 0.056852 | 0.038187 | 0.087613 | 0.051914 |
400–1250 | 0.024173 | 0.02308 | 0.028704 | 0.023036 | 0.025176 | 0.024022 | 0.022998 |
1600–4000 | 0.038194 | 0.032915 | 0.058704 | 0.025429 | 0.036743 | 0.026061 | 0.025634 |
Average | 0.041866 | 0.053245 | 0.047507 | 0.035106 | 0.033369 | 0.045899 | 0.033515 |
Sample Code | Melting Enthalpy ΔHm (J/g) | Initial Melting Temperature (Tωm) (°C) | Peak Temperature (Tpm) (°C) | Melting Temperature Range D (°C) | Melting Time (tm) (min) | |||||
1st run | 2nd run | 1st run | 2nd run | 1st run | 2nd run | 1st run | 2nd run | 1st run | 2nd run | |
GTR | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
GTR/TOR | 5.76 | 5.06 | 43.8 | 39.9 | 57.6 | 54.3 | 19.4 | 20.4 | 1.9 | 2.0 |
GTR/TORS | 3.60; −20.83 | 2.85 | 36.5 | 1.5 | 45.9; 210.4 | 14.1 | 17.3; 72.4 | 24.4 | 1.7; 7.2 | 2.4 |
GTR/TORCBS | 4.86 | 4.35 | 39.7 | 37.5 | 54.3 | 51.1 | 21.9 | 20.9 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
GTR/TORMBTS | 3.32 | 4.13 | 47.3 | 35.4 | 55.4 | 51.3 | 15.3 | 24.2 | 1.5 | 2.4 |
GTR/TORSDT | 4.88 | 3.97 | 36.0 | 35.2 | 53.2 | 49.4 | 25.4 | 21.4 | 2.5 | 2.1 |
GTR/TORS80 | 4.30; −25.49 | 2.70 | 35.4 | −2.4 | 48.4; 205.7 | 13.4 | 20.8; 82.3 | 27.0 | 2.1; 8.2 | 2.7 |
TOR | 85.88 | 70.79 | 40.2 | 25.4 | 60.1 | 56.6 | 36.9 | 37.6 | 2.9 | 3.7 |
Sample Code | Crystallization Enthalpy ΔHc (J/g) | Initial Crystallization Temperature (Tωc) (°C) | Peak Temperature (Tpc) (°C) | Crystallization Temperature Range (D) (°C) | Crystalization Time (tc) (min) | |||||
GTR | - | - | - | - | - | |||||
GTR/TOR | −4.74 | 38.4 | 31.7 | 19.9 | 2.0 | |||||
GTR/TORS | −2.47 | 5.3 | −10.2 | 34.0 | 3.4 | |||||
GTR/TORCBS | −4.41 | 37.5 | 29.4 | 22.0 | 2.2 | |||||
GTR/TORMBTS | −4.15 | 35.3 | 28.4 | 19.2 | 1.9 | |||||
GTR/TORSDT | −3.86 | 35.3 | 26.7 | 20.8 | 2.1 | |||||
GTR/TORS80 | −2.24 | 3.8 | −10.8 | 29.1 | 2.9 | |||||
TOR | −79.07 | 39.9 | 32.4 | 33.9 | 3.4 |
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Zedler, Ł.; Kowalkowska-Zedler, D.; Colom, X.; Cañavate, J.; Saeb, M.R.; Formela, K. Reactive Sintering of Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Modified by a Trans-Polyoctenamer Rubber and Curing Additives. Polymers 2020, 12, 3018. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123018
Zedler Ł, Kowalkowska-Zedler D, Colom X, Cañavate J, Saeb MR, Formela K. Reactive Sintering of Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Modified by a Trans-Polyoctenamer Rubber and Curing Additives. Polymers. 2020; 12(12):3018. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123018
Chicago/Turabian StyleZedler, Łukasz, Daria Kowalkowska-Zedler, Xavier Colom, Javier Cañavate, Mohammad Reza Saeb, and Krzysztof Formela. 2020. "Reactive Sintering of Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) Modified by a Trans-Polyoctenamer Rubber and Curing Additives" Polymers 12, no. 12: 3018. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123018