Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Jaboticaba Peels and Application into Zein Ultrafine Fibers Produced by Electrospinning
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Extraction Procedures
2.4. Total Phenolic (TP) Quantification
2.5. Antioxidant Activity Quantification (AA)
2.6. Total Anthocyanin (TA)
2.7. Cn-3-Glu Quantification
2.8. Antimicrobial Inhibition (AI)
2.9. Preparation of Zein Polymeric Solutions with JPE
2.10. Apparent Viscosity and Electrical Conductivity of the Polymer Solutions
2.11. Production of Zein Ultrafine Fibers by Electrospinning Technique
2.12. Morphology and Diameter Distribution of Ultrafine Fibers
2.13. Thermal Properties of Ultrafine Fibers
2.14. Functional Groups of Ultrafine Fibers
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Composition and Properties of JPE
3.2. Apparent Viscosity and Electrical Conductivity of the Polymer Solutions
3.3. Morphology of Ultrafine Fibers
3.4. Thermal Properties of Ultrafine Fibers
3.5. Functional Groups of Ultrafine Fibers
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Levels | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−1.41 | −1 | 0 | +1 | +1.41 | |
T (°C) | 32 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 88 |
pH | 1 | 2.5 | 6 | 9.5 | 11 |
Run | T (°C) | pH | TP (mgGAE g−1 d.w.) | AA (%) | TA (mg 100 g−1 d.w.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 40 | 2.5 | 160.58 ± 2.01 | 94.19 ± 0.30 | 513.8 ± 5.01 |
2 | 40 | 9.5 | 163.06 ± 1.03 | 94.85 ± 0.09 | 327.7 ± 8.52 |
3 | 80 | 2.5 | 189.05 ± 0.85 | 92.35 ± 0.58 | 749.27 ± 7.47 |
4 | 80 | 9.5 | 189.91 ± 1.11 | 94.13 ± 0.18 | 456.41 ± 13.46 |
5 | 32 | 6 | 154.93 ± 1.18 | 94.67 ± 0.14 | 265.11 ± 0.91 |
6 | 88 | 6 | 196.63 ± 1.39 | 90.52 ± 0.92 | 470.42 ± 12.56 |
7 | 60 | 1 | 191.78 ± 1.88 | 78.61 ± 0.21 | 819.32 ± 21.44 |
8 | 60 | 11 | 176.48 ± 2.12 | 94.70 ± 0.65 | 216.24 ± 4.24 |
9 (C) | 60 | 6 | 151.07 ± 3.06 | 93.92 ± 0.27 | 383.5 ± 3.03 |
10 (C) | 60 | 6 | 147.68 ± 2.45 | 94.54 ± 0.02 | 394.43 ± 0.70 |
11 (C) | 60 | 6 | 185.52 ± 2.06 | 92.80 ± 0.13 | 373.97 ± 8.86 |
Variance Analysis | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean of Squares | Fvalue | Ftabled | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TP | Regression | 3562.34 | 5 | 712.47 | 23.27 | 6.25 |
Residual | 122.46 | 4 | 30.62 | |||
Lack of fit | 116.72 | 3 | 38.91 | 154.20 | 215.71 | |
Pure error | 5.75 | 1 | 5.75 | |||
Total | 3684.8 | 9 | ||||
AA | Regression | 122.88 | 5 | 24.58 | 1.10 | 6.25 |
Residual | 89.10 | 4 | 22.28 | |||
Lack of fit | 88.91 | 3 | 29.64 | 154.20 | 215.71 | |
Pure error | 0.19 | 1 | 0.19 | |||
Total | 211.99 | 9 | ||||
TA | Regression | 306,582.8 | 5 | 61,316.56 | 8.93 | 6.25 |
Residual | 27,451.5 | 4 | 6862.88 | |||
Lack of fit | 27,379.7 | 3 | 9126.57 | 127.11 | 215.71 | |
Pure error | 71.8 | 1 | 71.8 | |||
Total | 334,034 | 9 |
Scale of D | Quality Evaluation |
---|---|
1.00 | No preference for improvement beyond this point |
1.00–0.80 | Acceptable and excellent |
0.80–0.63 | Acceptable and good |
0.63–0.40 | Acceptable but poor |
0.40–0.30 | Borderline |
0.30–0.00 | Unacceptable |
0.00 | Completely unacceptable |
Polymer Solutions | Apparent Viscosity (Pa s) * | Electrical Conductivity (μs cm−1) |
---|---|---|
Pure zein (30%) | 0.39 b ± 0.06 | 235.9 a ± 2.7 |
Zein 30% + 1.7% JPE | 0.21 a ± 0.08 | 249.0 b ± 1.3 |
Zein 30% + 3.3% JPE | 0.13 a ± 0.01 | 256.4 c ± 1.2 |
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Avila, L.B.; Fontes, M.R.V.; Zavareze, E.d.R.; Moraes, C.C.; Morais, M.M.; Rosa, G.S.d. Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Jaboticaba Peels and Application into Zein Ultrafine Fibers Produced by Electrospinning. Polymers 2020, 12, 2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122916
Avila LB, Fontes MRV, Zavareze EdR, Moraes CC, Morais MM, Rosa GSd. Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Jaboticaba Peels and Application into Zein Ultrafine Fibers Produced by Electrospinning. Polymers. 2020; 12(12):2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122916
Chicago/Turabian StyleAvila, Luisa Bataglin, Milena Ramos Vaz Fontes, Elessandra da Rosa Zavareze, Caroline Costa Moraes, Marcilio Machado Morais, and Gabriela Silveira da Rosa. 2020. "Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Jaboticaba Peels and Application into Zein Ultrafine Fibers Produced by Electrospinning" Polymers 12, no. 12: 2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122916