FDM 3D Printed Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Based on Plasticized Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(d,l-lactide) Blends
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Composites
2.2. Thermal Characterization
2.2.1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
2.2.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.3. Preparation of 3D Printing Filaments
2.4. 3D Printing and Printability Tests
2.5. Mechanical Testing
2.5.1. Tensile Test
2.5.2. Flexure Test
2.6. In Vitro Tests on Scaffolds
2.6.1. Metabolic Activity Assay
2.6.2. DNA Quantification
2.6.3. Cell Visualization
2.6.4. Alkaline Phosphatase Activity
2.6.5. Osteogenic Differentiation Analysis
2.6.6. Immunohistochemical Staining
2.6.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Thermal Properties of Prepared Materials
3.2. Thermal Stability of Prepared Composites
3.3. Optimal Printing Conditions and Printability
3.4. Tensile Properties of Prepared Biocomposites
3.5. Flexural Properties of Prepared Materials
3.6. In Vitro Testing on Scaffolds
3.6.1. Cell Proliferation and Metabolic Activity
3.6.2. Osteogenic Differentiation of Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Amount (wt.%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | PHB | PLA | Citroflex | Syncroflex | TCP |
PHB/PLA-CT | 62 | 26 | 12 | 0 | 0 |
PHB/PLA-CT_TCP | 54 | 23 | 10 | 0 | 13 |
PHB/PLA-SN | 62 | 26 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
PHB/PLA-SN_TCP | 54 | 23 | 0 | 10 | 13 |
Filament diameter | 1.75 mm |
Nozzle diameter | 0.4 mm |
Layer height | 0.2 mm |
Width of printed layer | 0.45 mm |
Perimeter printing speed | 45 mm∙s−1 |
Fill print speed | 200 mm∙s−1 |
Bed temperature | 20 °C |
Cooling fan power | 100% |
Glass Transition Temperature PLA Tg (°C) | Crystallization Temperature PHB Tc1 (°C) | Melting Temperature PHB Tm2 (°C) | Crystallinity PHB Xc1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PHB/PLA-CT | 42.8 | 75.6 | 169.3 | 59.9 |
PHB/PLA-CT_TCP | 41.1 | 86.3 | 163.3 | 56.7 |
PHB/PLA-SN | 40.8 | 69.8 | 171.9 | 61.1 |
PHB/PLA-SN_TCP | 42.3 | 86.6 | 169.9 | 59.1 |
Maximum Rate of Degradation | Residue Amount w% at 600 °C | ||
---|---|---|---|
PHB Td (°C) | PLA Td (°C) | ||
PHB/PLA-CT | 281 | 337 | - |
PHB/PLA-CT_TCP | 283 | 348 | 11.9 |
PHB/PLA-SN | 281 | 346 | - |
PHB/PLA-SN_TCP | 284 | 348 | 12.9 |
Optimal Nozzle Temperature (°C) | Optimal Flow (%) | Warping Coefficient (-) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
185 °C | 190 °C | 195 °C | |||
PHB/PLA-CT | 185–190 | 100 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | |
PHB/PLA-CT_TCP | 190–195 | 90 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | |
PHB/PLA-SN | 190–195 | 100 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | |
PHB/PLA-SN_TCP | 190–195 | 100 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.1 |
Young’s Modulus ET (GPa) | Tensile Strength σmax (MPa) | Elongation at Break εmax (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
PHB/PLA-CT | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 32.2 ± 1.3 | 22.6 ± 13.1 |
PHB/PLA-CT_TCP | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 28.3 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 2.0 |
PHB/PLA-SN | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 37.6 ± 3.4 | 16.9 ± 3.0 |
PHB/PLA-SN_TCP | 2.5 ± 0.0 | 32.1 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.8 |
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Melčová, V.; Svoradová, K.; Menčík, P.; Kontárová, S.; Rampichová, M.; Hedvičáková, V.; Sovková, V.; Přikryl, R.; Vojtová, L. FDM 3D Printed Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Based on Plasticized Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(d,l-lactide) Blends. Polymers 2020, 12, 2806. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122806
Melčová V, Svoradová K, Menčík P, Kontárová S, Rampichová M, Hedvičáková V, Sovková V, Přikryl R, Vojtová L. FDM 3D Printed Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Based on Plasticized Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(d,l-lactide) Blends. Polymers. 2020; 12(12):2806. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122806
Chicago/Turabian StyleMelčová, Veronika, Kateřina Svoradová, Přemysl Menčík, Soňa Kontárová, Michala Rampichová, Věra Hedvičáková, Věra Sovková, Radek Přikryl, and Lucy Vojtová. 2020. "FDM 3D Printed Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Based on Plasticized Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(d,l-lactide) Blends" Polymers 12, no. 12: 2806. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122806