Review on Blueprint of Designing Anti-Wetting Polymeric Membrane Surfaces for Enhanced Membrane Distillation Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Wetting of MD Membrane and Prevention of Wetting
3. Geometrical Models for Predicting Wetting Behavior
3.1. Correlation of Contact Angle and Wetting of an Ideal Solid Surface
3.2. Wetting State of a Real Solid Surface
4. Science and Engineering of Antiwetting Interfaces
4.1. Basics of Wetting Issue in MD
4.2. Factors Affecting Membrane Wetting
4.3. Feasible Techniques to Fabricate Antiwetting Surfaces
4.3.1. Feasible Membrane Fabrication Techniques for MD Membranes
Electrospinning Technique for Membrane Fabrication
Phase Inversion Membrane Casting Technique
- First, polymer pellets are dissolved in a particular organic solvent to form a polymeric casting solution, which is then cast on a flat plate up to the desired thickness with a knife casting device.
- Next, the semi-liquid film is cast onto the plate and is allowed to be immersed in a nonsolvent bath for precipitation.
- Finally, a polymeric film is rapidly formed with an asymmetric structure because of the exchange of solvent and nonsolvent across the interface, which can be explained based on the absorption of water molecules by the polymeric substrate and simultaneous loss of solvent. Figure 9 indicates the phase inversion concept utilized for fabricating self-cleaning membrane surfaces for MD application.
Mechanical Stretching for Hollow Fiber Membrane Fabrication
4.3.2. Membrane Surface Modification Methodologies
Blending or Coating for Antiwetting Membrane Surfaces
Plasma Treatment for Membrane Surface Modification
Chemical Vapor Deposition for Membrane Modification
4.3.3. Overall Perspective
5. Research Challenges and Future Perspectives
- (1)
- The durability of superhydrophobic coating must be higher. A facile pathway to design mechanically robust interconnected nanostructures/microstructures with overhanging geometries must be invented.
- (2)
- An easy approach to characterize antiwetting surfaces should be utilized. Even though CA analysis is easy and straight forward, it does not describe the feed-membrane interface in MD application. In addition, CA must be measured in a high temperature environment as the liquid surface tension is closely related to temperature.
- (3)
- The coatings must resist the acidic and basic nature of the feed stream. The properties of coating depend on the chemical nature of the material utilized.
- (4)
- Typically, during long-term operation, surface structures with overhanging features show weaker mechanical resistance because they may influence the surface chemistry, as well as geometry, of the pore structures.
- (5)
- Precise control of surface protrusions, roughness, and geometry is crucial to achieve Cassie stable state for high liquid repellency.
- (6)
- Finally, the surface tension of the feed stream is another major issue, while applying antiwetting surfaces in MD. Furthermore, the operating parameters must be optimized for better performance because a higher water flux (i.e., higher evaporation rate) leads to more severe concentration polarization, and thus, maximizes the chances of wetting.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technique | Working Condition | Overall Outcomes | References |
---|---|---|---|
Drying up | Simple air jets are used onto the membrane surface | Minimized surface wetting Salt remains in membrane pores | [12] |
Air backwashing | Pressurized air forces water and salt out of pores | Minimized pore and surface wetting | [13] |
Chemical treatment | Acid or other chemicals may dissolve the deposits (May involve a drying up technique) | Minimized pore and surface wetting | [14] |
Quantitative Equation | Contact Angle Relationship | Overall Prediction (State) |
---|---|---|
γSV − γSL > 0 | 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90° | High wettability |
γSV − γSL > γLV | θ = 0° | Complete wetting (spreading) |
γSV − γSL < 0 | 90° ≤ θ ≤ 180° | Low wetting |
γSL − γSV > γLV | θ = 180° | No wetting |
Factors | Conditions | Reference |
---|---|---|
Layers | At least the top layer must be hydrophobic or superhydrophobic in nature to avoid wetting in the MD process | [48] |
Pore size distribution | Selection of a narrow pore size range with a high liquid entry pressure (LEP) value | [32,49,50] |
Tortuosity factor | Must be as lower as possible: This is a measure of the deviation in pore structure from normal straight cylindrical pores. Typically, the tortuosity factor is inversely proportional to MD permeability | [4] |
Thermal conductivity of the membrane surface | The thermal conductivity of the membrane surface must be as low as possible | [51] |
Fouling resistance | The polymeric membrane can be coated with fouling resistant materials to ensure high permeate flux | [52] |
Thermal stability | The MD polymeric membrane must show high thermal stability up to 80 °C. | [53] |
Chemical resistance | The MD membranes must exhibit good chemical resistance because they may come in contact with acids and bases | [54] |
Effects | Reasons | Comments | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Scaling of membrane | Scaling occurs because of the deposition of inorganic ions and components that reduce the hydrophobicity of the MD membrane | Deposition of crystalline inorganic corrosive foulants | [57,60] |
Organic and biofouling | Growth of biofoulants reduces the hydrophobicity and surface tension | Interaction between the aqueous medium and hydrophobic surface | [58,61] |
Degradation of membrane | Formation of hydrophilic chemical groups, due to long term use of the membrane | Loss of chemical and mechanical stability makes MD process difficult | [62] |
Feed stream-based wetting | Surfactant-based feed stream reduces the liquid entry pressure (LEP) value | The liquid entry pressure (LEP) is directly proportional to the surface tension | [62] |
Parameters | Factors | Comments | References |
---|---|---|---|
Operational conditions | Effect of temperature | Salts, such as CaSO4 and CaCO3, which have a negative correlation of solubility with respect to temperature also tend to become saturated in the feed stream of desalination. Typically, for commonly utilized feed solutions, increased temperature leads to increased risk of scaling and fouling | [69,70] |
Effect of dissolved gases | The presence of dissolved gases in the feed stream leads to chemical processes, such as the breakdown of bicarbonates which penetrate the membrane pores along with water vapor, exerting an additional diffusive resistance for the water vapor. | [52] | |
Membrane properties | Thickness of the membrane | Membrane thickness seems to be inversely proportional to the mass and heat transfer rate across the MD membrane. Thus, an optimized membrane thickness must be utilized. | [71] |
Pore size distribution | The pore size of the MD membrane ranges from 0.1 µm to 1 µm In general, pore size affects the mass transfer mechanism. For instance, one side of the membrane, the pore size should be small so that water or liquid cannot penetrate into the pores, while, the pore size must be large on another side, in order to achieve high permeate flux. | [72] | |
Porosity | Higher porosity of the membrane offers more water flux, but rapidly wets the membrane | [73] | |
Surface energy | A low surface energy offers high hydrophobicity | [74] | |
Feed solution chemistry | Surface tension | If the feed solution is composed of surfactants higher than the critical value, membrane and pore wetting occurs. Thus, feed streams with a low surface tension must be avoided | [75] |
Concentration of non-volatile solutes | A higher concentration of inorganic salts may result in the formation of salt crystals onto the membrane surface, leading to wetting of membrane portions occupied by salt crystals. Therefore, a higher concentration of inorganic salts may lead to the formation of a cake layer of inorganic foulants that leads to membrane and pore wetting | [76] |
Criteria | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|
Hierarchical structure and lower surface energy | A hierarchical structure blended with lower surface energy materials are required to prevent membrane wetting which occurs because of the presence of a hot feed stream consisting of an NaCl solution. | [89] |
Porous skin layer | The top active layer must be porous in nature with proper porosity, pore size range, and interconnected pore channels without blocking the support layer from achieving a high-water flux | [90] |
Mechanical and chemical stability | The mechanical and chemical stability between the active layer and support layer must be high, so that it can perform efficiently during the hydraulic impact in MD application | [91] |
Polymeric Solution | Additives or Nanoparticle Type | Overall Outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) solution | TiO2 nanoparticles | High and stable flux | [114] |
PVDF solution | Carbon nanotubes | Flux improvement | [115] |
Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) solution | Fluorosilane coated TiO2 nanoparticles | Wetting resistance | [114] |
PVDF-HFP solution | Graphene | Stable flux | [116] |
PVDF solution | Clay particles | Wetting resistance | [117] |
PVDF solution | SiO2 nanoparticles | Wetting and fouling resistance | [118] |
PVDF solution | Multilayer graphene platelets | Improved productivity–efficiency trade-off and enhanced wetting resistance | [119] |
PVDF solution | Silver nanoparticles/Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AgNPs/f-MWCNTs) | High anti-biofouling and separation efficiency | [120] |
PVDF-HFP solution | Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) | Superhydrophobicity and efficient desalination performance | [121] |
PVDF solution | Metal organic framework: MOF (iron 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) | Stable performance and stable liquid entry pressure | [122] |
Advantages | Explanation | Reference |
---|---|---|
Facile approach | 1. Simple methodology 2. Formation of uniform, consistent, thin, and clear coating layer | [140] |
Strong adhesion | 1. Chemically and mechanically stable coating 2. Dense layer formation onto the polymeric surface | [141] |
Surface roughening | 1. Transformation of hydrophobic to superhydrophobic surface | [142] |
Antifouling and antiwetting | 1. Membranes with improved fouling resistance can be fabricated 2. Superhydrophobicity can be achieved and results in antiwetting properties | [143] |
Major Advantages | Limitations |
---|---|
1. Avoids the line of sight | 1. Requirement of high temperature |
2. High deposition rate | 2. High possibility of toxic precursor |
3. Production of thick coating layers | 3. Mostly inorganic materials can be used |
4. Co-deposition of material at same time |
Table 10 (a) | ||||
Methodologies | Casting Parameters | Membrane Characteristics | Membrane Performance | Reference |
Electrospinning technique | Ease: Moderate Replication: Moderate | Pore size distribution: Maximum Surface roughness: Maximum | Overall cost: Moderate Permeate flux: Maximum Wetting tendency: Minimum | [111,150] |
Mechanical stretching technique | Ease: Moderate Replication: Moderate | Pore size distribution: Same range Surface roughness: Lower | Overall cost: Moderate Permeate flux: Moderate Wetting tendency: Minimum | [151] |
Phase inversion technique | Ease: Maximum Replication: Maximum | Pore size distribution: Same range Surface roughness: Minimum | Overall cost: Minimum Permeate flux: Maximum Wetting tendency: Moderate | [152] |
Table 10 (b) | ||||
Membrane Modification Techniques | Modification Process | Processing Time | Overall Outcome | References |
Blending or coating technique | Coated with nanoparticles or nanosols | 1. Bit slow | Chemically stable | [153] |
Plasma treatment | Growth of nanoparticles by etching | 1. Moderate 2. Requires particular equipment | Self-cleaning ability | [138,154] |
Chemical vapor deposition | Formation of nanostructures by polymerization | 1. Slow 2. Require heating treatment | Good separation efficiency | [79] |
Technique Utilized | Polymer Type | Additive or Agent/Processing | Permeate Flux | Salt Rejection | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase inversion Technique | Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) | Mechanical scratching | 90 LMH | 99.99% | [98] |
Phase inversion Technique | Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) | SiO2 nanoparticles | 3 kg/m2 h | 99.98% | [159] |
Electrospinning Technique | Polyvinylidene fluoride- Polytetrafluoroethylene (PVDF-PTFE) | PTFE micro powders | 18.5 kg/m2 h | 99.9% | [86] |
Electrospinning Technique | Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) | Graphene | 22.9 LMH | 100% | [116] |
Mechanical Stretching Method | Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | Stretching | 5 LMH | 99.99% | [160] |
Mechanical Stretching Method | Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) | Stretching | 41.5 kg/m2 h | 99.99% | [103] |
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Sinha Ray, S.; Lee, H.-K.; Kwon, Y.-N. Review on Blueprint of Designing Anti-Wetting Polymeric Membrane Surfaces for Enhanced Membrane Distillation Performance. Polymers 2020, 12, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010023
Sinha Ray S, Lee H-K, Kwon Y-N. Review on Blueprint of Designing Anti-Wetting Polymeric Membrane Surfaces for Enhanced Membrane Distillation Performance. Polymers. 2020; 12(1):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010023
Chicago/Turabian StyleSinha Ray, Saikat, Hyung-Kae Lee, and Young-Nam Kwon. 2020. "Review on Blueprint of Designing Anti-Wetting Polymeric Membrane Surfaces for Enhanced Membrane Distillation Performance" Polymers 12, no. 1: 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010023