Correlations between Process Parameters and Outcome Properties of Laser-Sintered Polyamide
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Process Parameter Setup
2.2.2. Formiga P100 Machine Setup
2.2.3. Measurements and Data Processing
2.2.4. Tensile Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Geometric Properties
3.2. Tensile Properties
4. Conclusions
- The relative dimensional error for length (L), width (W), and thickness (H) ranged from 0.64% to 5.18%, with the larger error recorded for the lowest energy density (ED3).
- The largest variability was obtained for (H), measured along Z axis.
- The parameters L, ρ, and σm manifested positive linear correlations of 0.928, 0.974, and 0.998 with ED, respectively.
- Poor correlation with OA was determined for ρ and σm.
- The most promising tensile properties were obtained for ED1 at OA of 45°.
- One-way ANOVA analysis for L, ρ, and σm parameters showed statistically significant differences for ED1, ED2, and ED3 at every OA (p-value << 0.05).
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | P [W] | v [mm/s] | ED [J/mm2] | d [mm] | h [mm] | T [°C] | Tr [°C] | t [mm] | SF [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1 | 25 | 1500 | 0.067 | 0.15 | |||||
E2 | 23 | 2000 | 0.046 | 0.25 | 169.5 | 159 | 0.1 | 2.3 | |
E3 | 21 | 2500 | 0.034 |
Parameter | Orientation Angle | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0° | 30° | 45° | 60° | 90° | |||||||
ED | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | |
BG | 0.5170 | 8 × 10−5 | 0.2737 | 1 × 10−4 | 0.2072 | 1 × 10−4 | 0.0618 | 4 × 10−3 | 0.0282 | 1 × 10−2 | |
WG | 0.1362 | 0.0775 | 0.0598 | 0.0417 | 0.0276 |
Parameter | Orientation Angle | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0° | 30° | 45° | 60° | 90° | |||||||
ED | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | |
BG | 0.0337 | 8 × 10−5 | 0.0585 | 8 × 10−5 | 0.0574 | 9 × 10−5 | 0.0596 | 2 × 10×4 | 0.0764 | 1 × 10−5 | |
WG | 0.0015 | 0.0027 | 0.0027 | 0.0039 | 0.0020 |
Orientation Angle α [°] | Young’s Modulus E [MPa] | Quasi-elastic Limit σe [MPa] | Yield Strength σc [MPa] | Tensile Strength σm [MPa] | Elongation at Break εb [%] | Energy Absorption Wb [MJ/m3] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1253.9 | 12.21 | 19.86 | 26.70 | 5.59 | 1.15 |
1271.4 | 11.79 | 19.70 | 26.21 | 5.86 | 1.06 | |
1276.1 | 12.11 | 20.45 | 27.73 | 5.98 | 1.18 | |
1266.8 | 12.43 | 21.10 | 28.14 | 5.87 | 1.14 | |
1252.5 | 11.89 | 19.84 | 26.54 | 5.96 | 1.08 | |
30 | 1222.8 | 12.37 | 19.66 | 27.32 | 7.28 | 1.55 |
1266.2 | 12.82 | 21.03 | 28.98 | 7.46 | 1.70 | |
1264.8 | 12.59 | 20.63 | 28.75 | 7.77 | 1.77 | |
1229.5 | 11.95 | 19.79 | 26.58 | 6.24 | 1.05 | |
1263.4 | 11.37 | 19.93 | 27.69 | 8.48 | 1.11 | |
45 | 1375.3 | 14.07 | 22.33 | 32.16 | 8.93 | 2.38 |
1364.8 | 14.00 | 22.19 | 32.25 | 9.07 | 2.35 | |
1370.5 | 13.82 | 21.74 | 30.98 | 8.79 | 2.18 | |
1356.7 | 13.91 | 21.74 | 31.32 | 8.94 | 2.25 | |
1374.3 | 14.18 | 22.07 | 31.54 | 8.79 | 2.22 | |
60 | 1222.8 | 12.37 | 19.66 | 27.32 | 7.28 | 1.55 |
1266.2 | 12.82 | 21.03 | 28.98 | 7.46 | 1.70 | |
1264.8 | 12.59 | 20.63 | 28.75 | 7.77 | 1.77 | |
1229.5 | 11.95 | 19.79 | 26.58 | 6.24 | 1.05 | |
1263.4 | 11.37 | 19.93 | 27.69 | 8.48 | 1.11 | |
90 | 1273.7 | 12.31 | 21.76 | 28.71 | 5.34 | 1.15 |
1282.2 | 12.26 | 20.65 | 27.14 | 5.25 | 1.05 | |
1276.7 | 13.01 | 20.62 | 27.18 | 4.96 | 0.98 | |
1291.3 | 12.89 | 21.96 | 28.98 | 4.94 | 1.03 | |
1278.7 | 12.96 | 20.32 | 27.35 | 5.13 | 1.02 |
Orientation Angle α [°] | Young’s Modulus E [MPa] | Quasi-elastic Limit σe [MPa] | Yield Strength σc [MPa] | Tensile Strength σm [MPa] | Elongation at Break εb [%] | Energy Absorption Wb [MJ/m3] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 674.98 | 7.21 | 10.43 | 14.29 | 5.76 | 0.59 |
693.32 | 6.86 | 12.23 | 16.91 | 5.48 | 0.73 | |
674.39 | 7.07 | 10.9 | 15.13 | 5.71 | 0.67 | |
674.15 | 6.84 | 10.92 | 14.93 | 5.47 | 0.65 | |
692.49 | 7.16 | 12.03 | 16.38 | 5.53 | 0.64 | |
30 | 804.77 | 7.73 | 12.83 | 16.79 | 6.76 | 0.93 |
792.98 | 8.04 | 13.81 | 18.41 | 6.77 | 1.00 | |
784.55 | 7.66 | 12.76 | 18.21 | 6.46 | 0.87 | |
797.62 | 7.61 | 13.11 | 17.06 | 6.89 | 0.92 | |
799.66 | 7.89 | 11.61 | 16.82 | 6.35 | 0.77 | |
45 | 836.94 | 7.68 | 12.88 | 18.04 | 8.21 | 1.20 |
849.08 | 7.92 | 13.18 | 19.18 | 8.10 | 1.08 | |
837.14 | 8.01 | 13.15 | 17.90 | 7.72 | 1.12 | |
836.20 | 7.75 | 12.04 | 18.24 | 7.26 | 1.03 | |
826.66 | 7.82 | 11.89 | 16.11 | 8.22 | 1.10 | |
60 | 781.20 | 7.11 | 11.79 | 14.26 | 6.22 | 0.62 |
800.66 | 7.08 | 12.14 | 13.83 | 6.45 | 0.70 | |
806.64 | 7.03 | 10.11 | 13.95 | 6.02 | 0.71 | |
771.67 | 6.92 | 11.82 | 14.51 | 6.56 | 0.69 | |
800.60 | 6.94 | 10.75 | 12.94 | 6.04 | 0.78 | |
90 | 736.41 | 6.49 | 12.07 | 15.45 | 4.01 | 0.42 |
721.53 | 6.73 | 10.46 | 14.33 | 4.15 | 0.52 | |
737.56 | 6.38 | 11.33 | 14.19 | 4.01 | 0.41 | |
722.98 | 6.52 | 12.55 | 15.77 | 4.43 | 0.44 | |
763.34 | 6.19 | 12.68 | 16.68 | 4.64 | 0.40 |
Orientation Angle α [°] | Young’s Modulus E [MPa] | Quasi-elastic Limit σe [MPa] | Yield Strength σc [MPa] | Tensile Strength σm [MPa] | Elongation at Break εb [%] | Energy Absorption Wb [MJ/m3] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 347.09 | 3.58 | 5.30 | 7.29 | 4.98 | 0.26 |
350.12 | 3.79 | 5.01 | 6.86 | 3.97 | 0.26 | |
349.14 | 3.67 | 5.33 | 7.19 | 4.81 | 0.24 | |
350.57 | 3.76 | 5.42 | 7.22 | 4.25 | 0.21 | |
344.46 | 3.65 | 5.60 | 6.82 | 4.88 | 0.23 | |
30 | 358.74 | 3.76 | 4.82 | 7.04 | 4.88 | 0.31 |
380.32 | 3.78 | 4.76 | 5.98 | 5.49 | 0.37 | |
370.57 | 3.54 | 5.61 | 7.88 | 4.60 | 0.24 | |
381.04 | 3.77 | 5.73 | 8.05 | 4.76 | 0.29 | |
383.39 | 3.62 | 5.80 | 8.14 | 5.29 | 0.29 | |
45 | 428.82 | 3.98 | 6.69 | 9.17 | 5.70 | 0.29 |
413.28 | 3.91 | 6.82 | 9.28 | 3.85 | 0.16 | |
428.56 | 3.93 | 6.30 | 8.40 | 6.35 | 0.37 | |
419.73 | 3.95 | 6.36 | 8.59 | 6.50 | 0.40 | |
393.71 | 3.98 | 5.60 | 7.77 | 5.91 | 0.35 | |
60 | 294.71 | 3.85 | 5.41 | 7.28 | 5.22 | 0.27 |
296.92 | 3.93 | 5.16 | 7.17 | 5.85 | 0.31 | |
296.65 | 4.11 | 5.03 | 6.96 | 5.35 | 0.27 | |
281.21 | 3.56 | 4.35 | 6.01 | 5.18 | 0.29 | |
294.73 | 3.94 | 4.79 | 6.58 | 5.58 | 0.27 | |
90 | 405.36 | 3.61 | 6.29 | 7.98 | 3.84 | 0.20 |
441.70 | 3.52 | 6.47 | 7.77 | 3.46 | 0.18 | |
418.94 | 3.49 | 5.04 | 6.02 | 3.01 | 0.11 | |
412.91 | 3.53 | 5.45 | 6.77 | 3.51 | 0.15 | |
436.97 | 3.75 | 7.30 | 9.03 | 3.49 | 0.21 |
Parameter | Orientation Angle | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0° | 30° | 45° | 60° | 90° | |||||||
ED | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | SS | p-value | |
BG | 1006.7 | 2 × 10−13 | 1045.2 | 6 × 10-13 | 1340.3 | 3 × 10−14 | 1148.5 | 3 × 10−14 | 1055.4 | 3 × 10−12 | |
WG | 7.6139 | 9.8336 | 7.6750 | 6.5014 | 12.9031 |
Outcome Parameter | Technological Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy Density (ED) | Orientation Angle | |||
OA (at ED1) | OA (at ED1) | OA (at ED1) | ||
Length (L) | 0.9285 | −0.7640 | −0.8412 | 0.4529 |
Density (ρ) | 0.9744 | 0.5480 | 0.5021 | −0.4415 |
Tensile strength (σm) | 0.9988 | 0.1307 | −0.2569 | 0.0730 |
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Stoia, D.I.; Marşavina, L.; Linul, E. Correlations between Process Parameters and Outcome Properties of Laser-Sintered Polyamide. Polymers 2019, 11, 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111850
Stoia DI, Marşavina L, Linul E. Correlations between Process Parameters and Outcome Properties of Laser-Sintered Polyamide. Polymers. 2019; 11(11):1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111850
Chicago/Turabian StyleStoia, Dan Ioan, Liviu Marşavina, and Emanoil Linul. 2019. "Correlations between Process Parameters and Outcome Properties of Laser-Sintered Polyamide" Polymers 11, no. 11: 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111850