Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Modified by Nanocellulose and Plasma Treatment for Packaging Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of PHB Nanocomposite Films
2.3. Plasma Treatments of PHB Nanocomposite Films
2.4. Characterization
2.4.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM-EDX)
2.4.2. Thermal Characterization
2.4.3. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
2.4.4. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.4.5. Peak Force Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping
2.4.6. Tensile Characterization
2.4.7. Antibacterial Activity
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.2. FTIR Analysis
3.3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.4. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
3.5. Tensile Characterization
3.6. Morphological Analysis by SEM and AFM
3.7. Antibacterial Properties
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nanocomposites | T5% (°C) | Ton (°C) | Tmax (°C) | R600 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PHB | 191.9 | 254.1 | 266.3 | 2.23 |
PHBp | 202.4 | 255.5 | 270.7 | 2.26 |
PHB‒1BC | 195.3 | 255.2 | 268.4 | 2.22 |
PHB‒1BCp | 196.7 | 256.6 | 269.9 | 2.29 |
PHB‒2BC | 192.4 | 256.4 | 267.9 | 2.29 |
PHB‒2BCp | 203.0 | 259.1 | 270.5 | 2.43 |
PHB‒5BC | 192.8 | 255.4 | 266.7 | 2.48 |
PHB‒5BCp | 194.4 | 247.7 | 261.5 | 2.50 |
PHB‒2BC‒ZnO | 183.5 | 251.0 | 265.0 | 3.43 |
Nanocomposites | Tm1/Tm2 °C | ΔHm J/g | ΔHm1/ΔHm2 J/g | Tc °C | ΔHc J/g | C* % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHB | 163.8/170.5 | 76.1 | 57.7/18.4 | 112.2 | 73.6 | 57.9 |
PHBp | 163.0/170.7 | 75.5 | 53.2/22.3 | 111.8 | 73.8 | 57.5 |
PHB‒0.5BC | 164.2/169.0 | 75.1 | 63.1/12.0 | 114.8 | 75.2 | 57.4 |
PHB‒0.5BCp | 163.8/170.4 | 74.6 | 55.3/19.3 | 116.5 | 74.6 | 57.1 |
PHB‒1BC | 163.6/170.5 | 75.8 | 61.3/14.5 | 114.1 | 73.7 | 58.3 |
PHB‒1BCp | 162.9/170.8 | 74.2 | 50.5/23.7 | 115.2 | 74.0 | 57.0 |
PHB‒2BC | 163.6/170.5 | 74.7 | 56.5/18.2 | 114.6 | 73.5 | 58.0 |
PHB‒2BCp | 162.8/170.6 | 72.4 | 50.7/21.7 | 115.1 | 72.1 | 56.2 |
PHB‒5BC | 164.4/169.0 | 71.2 | 60.3/10.9 | 114.1 | 69.8 | 57.0 |
PHB‒5BCp | 163.0/170.8 | 71.5 | 49.7/21.8 | 114.0 | 71.0 | 57.3 |
PHB‒2BC‒ZnO | 162.7/170.6 | 76.5 | 51.7/24.8 | 113.7 | 77.5 | 59.4 |
Nanocomposites | Tg [°C] | Tα* [°C] | E’ [MPa] −15 °C | E’ [MPa] 30 °C | E’ [MPa] 100 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHB | 14.2 | 123 | 3807 | 2687 | 1024 |
PHBp | 16.2 | 126 | 3833 | 2827 | 1141 |
PHB‒2BC | 17.1 | 122 | 3456 | 2532 | 901 |
PHB‒2BCp | 18.0 | 125 | 3980 | 3000 | 1290 |
PHB‒5BC | 14.9 | 125 | 3652 | 2768 | 1075 |
PHB‒5BCp | 17.8 | 128 | 4289 | 3324 | 1058 |
PHB‒2BC‒ZnO | 15.5 | 136 | 3950 | 3064 | 1311 |
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Panaitescu, D.M.; Ionita, E.R.; Nicolae, C.-A.; Gabor, A.R.; Ionita, M.D.; Trusca, R.; Lixandru, B.-E.; Codita, I.; Dinescu, G. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Modified by Nanocellulose and Plasma Treatment for Packaging Applications. Polymers 2018, 10, 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10111249
Panaitescu DM, Ionita ER, Nicolae C-A, Gabor AR, Ionita MD, Trusca R, Lixandru B-E, Codita I, Dinescu G. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Modified by Nanocellulose and Plasma Treatment for Packaging Applications. Polymers. 2018; 10(11):1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10111249
Chicago/Turabian StylePanaitescu, Denis Mihaela, Eusebiu Rosini Ionita, Cristian-Andi Nicolae, Augusta Raluca Gabor, Maria Daniela Ionita, Roxana Trusca, Brindusa-Elena Lixandru, Irina Codita, and Gheorghe Dinescu. 2018. "Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Modified by Nanocellulose and Plasma Treatment for Packaging Applications" Polymers 10, no. 11: 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10111249