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Open AccessArticle

Reversible Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Structural Transformation in a Mixed-Ligand 2D Layered Metal-Organic Framework: Structural Characterization and Sorption Study

by
Chih-Chieh Wang
1,*,
Szu-Yu Ke
1,
Kuan-Ting Chen
1,
Yi-Fang Hsieh
1,
Tzu-Heng Wang
1,
Gene-Hsiang Lee
2 and
Yu-Chun Chuang
3,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei 11102, Taiwan
2
Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
3
National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: George E. Kostakis
Crystals 2017, 7(12), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst7120364
Received: 20 November 2017 / Revised: 3 December 2017 / Accepted: 5 December 2017 / Published: 7 December 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Design and Properties of Coordination Polymers)
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Abstract

A 3D supramolecular network, [Cd(bipy)(C4O4)(H2O)2]·3H2O (1) (bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine and C4O42− = dianion of H2C4O4), constructed by mixed-ligand two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been reported and structurally determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method and characterized by other physicochemical methods. In 1, the C4O42− and bipy both act as bridging ligands connecting the Cd(II) ions to form a 2D layered MOF, which are then extended to a 3D supramolecular network via the mutually parallel and interpenetrating arrangements among the 2D-layered MOFs. Compound 1 shows a two-step dehydration process with weight losses of 11.0% and 7.3%, corresponding to the weight-loss of three guest and two coordinated water molecules, respectively, and exhibits an interesting reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) structural transformation upon de-hydration and re-hydration for guest water molecules. The SCSC structural transformation have been demonstrated and monitored by single-crystal and X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetic analysis studies.
Keywords: coordination polymer; metal-organic framework; SCSC structural transformation; hydrogen bond; gas sorption coordination polymer; metal-organic framework; SCSC structural transformation; hydrogen bond; gas sorption

1. Introduction

Porous materials based on coordination polymers (CPs), or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [1,2] containing guest molecules are very attractive research field, not only owing to their designable structure, unusual flexibilities, but also on their tunable functional application [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. In this field, dynamic porosity has been paid much attention on the structural characteristics, as well as on the function of guest inclusions [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. In order to increase the flexibility of the porosity for guest inclusion, the design of host framework with a flexible skeleton is required. Based on this requirement, the dimensionality of host framework and binding forces for the component skeleton becomes an important target. A variety of supramolecular architectures have been built up with a large range of bonding forces, depending on the system, the interactions can range from M–L coordination bonds, to strong halogen [26,27,28,29,30,31,32] or hydrogen bonds [31,32], to much weaker forces, such as weak hydrogen bonds [33,34] and π−π stacking of small aromatics [35,36,37,38,39]. N,N-based ligands, such as 4,4′-bipyridine (bipy) and pyrazine, have been widely used on the construction of many MOFs, including diamondoid, honeycomb, grid, T-shape, ladder, brick-wall, and octahedral frameworks [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48]. In the previous study, a series of interpenetrated metal-organic coordination complexes, {[M(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]·3H2O}∞ (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni; C4O42− = dianion of H2C4O4), have been synthesized under hydrothermal condition. The reversible de-/rehydration processes of guest water molecules in the 1D channels by heating or by vacuum were accompanied with color-changing and structural variation of the materials, which have been identified by MS measurements, UV spectrometry, and X-ray powder diffraction methods [49,50,51]. In our previous study [52], an isostructural coordination polymer, {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]·3H2O}n (1), has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and its reversible de-/rehydration property of guest water molecules in channels accompanying structural variation is demonstrated by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, as well as temperature-dependent power X-ray diffraction. However, the detail structural information on the single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation associated with the de-/rehydration of the guest water molecules in the channels, the second stage water de-/adsorption behavior of the coordinated water molecules, and the gas sorption property of 1 are interesting and worthy of further study. With our continuous effort on the structural transformation study of the two-step water de-/adsorption behavior in 1, we report here on the exploration of the relationship between the structures and de-/rehydration behavior. The dehydrated species {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]}n (1a), after heating 1 at 90 °C, show CO2 gas sorption uptakes. Compound 1a also shows remarkable reversibility to give rehydrated {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]·3H2O}n (1b), which is the same to parent 1, when exposed to water vapor.

2. Results and Discussion

In the study, compound 1 was synthesized by solution method instead of hydrothermal method reported in previous study [52]. The reaction yield is obviously improved from 23.4% under hydrothermal condition to 70.4% by the solution method. The most relevant IR features are those associated with the chelating squarate ligands. Strong and broad absorptions occurring in the range of 1603–1323 cm−1 centered at 1470 cm−1 for 1 are characteristic of C4O42− ions [53], which can be assigned to the vibrational modes representing mixtures of C–O and C–C stretching motions.

2.1. Structural Description of 1

The crystal structure of 1, synthesized by the solution method, is re-determined and is almost the same as the crystal structure described in our previous report [52], with a 3D microporous supramolecular network being constructed by 2D-layered MOFs. The related bond lengths and angles around the Cd(II) ion are listed in Table 1. The squarate and bipy both act as a bridging ligand with μ1,3-bis-monodentate and bis-monodentate coordination mode, respectively, leading the formation of a 2D layered MOF (Figure 1b) along the b axis. The 2D MOF of 1 can be viewed in a simplified way using TOPOS [54,55] as a four-connected uninodal net with the point symmetry (Schläfli symbol) {44.62}. Adjacent 2D layers are arranged in mutually parallel and interpenetrated manners to complete its 3D supramolecular network, which generates 1D channels along the c axis intercalated with guest water molecules (Figure 1c). Hydrogen bonding interaction plays an important role on the stabilization of the 3D supramolecular network. In the crystal packing, the coordinated water molecules (O(3)) are held together with uncoordinated oxygen atoms (O(2)) of squarate (C4O42−) by means of intramolecular O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds with O⋯O distances of 2.664(5) and 2.698(5). The 3D supramolecular architecture is further reinforced by the O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds among the guest water molecules (O(4) and O(5)) and squarate ligands. Related bond distances and angles of O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds are listed in Table 2.

2.2. Water Adsorption Property of (1) by Cyclic TG Aanalsis and PXRD Measurements

In our previously thermal-stability study [52], the weight losses of the first and second steps were 11.1% and 7.7%, corresponding to the release of three guest water molecules (calc. 11.5%) and two coordinated water molecules (calc. 7.7%), respectively, and the first weight-loss step has been proven to be a reversible de-/adsorption of three guest water molecules by cyclic TG measurements under water vapor, as demonstrated by the display of de-/rehydration processes as a function of time and temperature [52]. This result can be correlated to the polarity of the pore surfaces, as the framework is adorned with high affinity for H2O due to the presence of hydrophilic sites of C4O42− ligands. Unlike the complete reversibility of guest water molecules in the first stage, the removal of coordinated water molecules is more likely to be only partially reversible in the second stage (Figure 2). When the guest and coordinated water molecules are completely removed with the weight loss of 18.8% after the temperature reaching 170 °C, only partial weight increase of 2.7% under water vapor has been recovered during the cooling process. Such heating and cooling processes have been repeated for five cycles (Figure 2) with weight-increasing and weight-decreasing percentages in the range of 2.7–3.2% to demonstrate the stable but incomplete water ad-/desorption behavior during the thermal re-/dehydration processes. This result indicates that, during the de-hydration period, the 3D supramolecular network and the coordination environment of Cd(II) ions of completely dehydrated form 1 might be changed after the removal of coordinated water molecules and may not be easily recovered to the original structure, which will be discussed in the next powder X-ray diffraction part.
According to the TGA and single crystal diffraction results, the first structure change are dominated from packing guest water molecules loss and the second step is triggered by coordinated water molecules loss. To confirm the water re-absorption behavior, an in situ powder X-ray diffraction experiment was performed and shown in Figure 3. The sample in glass capillary was heated up to 90 °C initially and stays 5 min to remove the packing water molecules. Compare to the simulation pattern of rehydrated 1a at 340 K, the diffraction pattern show the first step packing guest water molecules loss has been happened. Then the sample was taken into water and re-measured powder pattern at 30 °C. Clearly, the structure can be recovered effectively. However, it was failed to recover the structure while the coordinated water molecules be removed. A very large structure change occurred at the second water molecules loss step, which leads to an irreversible reaction.

2.3. SCSC Transformation Associated with Guest Water De-/Rehydration

According to the TG analysis and in situ PXRD measurements, the guest water molecules located into the channels can be removed from the host framework by heating up to 90 °C. The 3D supramolecular architecture of dehydrated 1 is rigid and stable without the guest water molecules, and the de-/adsorption processes of guest water molecules are reversible. Moreover, the thermal stability of the framework provides the opportunity to determine the crystal structure of dehydrated 1a after the removal of guest water molecules from the host framework by controlled the heating condition and crystal structure of the re-hydration 1b with the dehydrated 1a upon exposure to water vapor at RT. Single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation experiments were performed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction method, which give the structures of dehydrated [Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]n (1a) and rehydrated {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]·3H2O}n (1b), respectively, with very similar cell parameters (Table 3). The structure of the dehydrated 1a reveals that the 3D supramolecular architecture framework is nearly the same as that of 1 with the difference only on the nonexistence of guest water molecules. The related bond lengths and angles around the Cd(II) ion are similar to that of 1 with little difference (Table 1). Furthermore, when the dehydrated 1a were exposed to water vapor at RT, structural determination reveals that 1a re-absorbed water molecules to generate a rehydrated {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]·3H2O}n (1b), showing a complete reversibility of de-/rehydration processes in the 3D supramolecular network as shown in Scheme 1. The related bond lengths and angles around Cd(II) ion are also in comparable with those of 1 (Table 1). It is important to note that hydrogen bonds existing between the guest water molecules and the host framework found in the rehydrated 1b are almost the same as those found in 1 (Table 2). This result indicates that hydrogen bonding interaction play a key role on the SCSC transformation mechanism of reversible de-/rehydration and provide a memorial tracing pathway for the guest water during the guest water absorption process.

2.4. Adsorption Properties of (1)

Encouraged by the structural flexibility of 1, the gas uptake capacities of the dehydrated (activated) framework are determined. Before the measurements, powder samples of compound 1 were evacuated at 90 °C for 24 h to obtain the activated form 1a (removal of three guest water molecules). The isotherm obtained with N2 gas at 78 K revealed a typical Type-II adsorption profile with very low uptake, suggesting only surface adsorption. (Figure 4a). Surprisingly, even though 1 is nonporous towards to N2, we found that it is porous towards CO2 at 198 K. The CO2 adsorption isotherms at 198 K for 1a exhibit a typical Type-I adsorption behavior (Figure 4b) with the adsorption uptake of 18.3 cm3 g−1. The adsorption capability of 1 for CO2 gases is low, but significant. In order to understand the interactions of guest water molecules with the host framework, the water vapor adsorption behavior of the activated 1a under ambient condition is measured. The activated 1a show high H2O uptake (~43.5 cm3 g−1) at lower P/P0 (0.0–0.1), and the final uptake amount reaches 82.6 cm3 g−1, which corresponds to 2.6 molecules of H2O per formula unit (Figure 4c).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials and Physical Techniques

All chemicals were of reagent grade and were used as commercially obtained without further purification. Elementary analyses (carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen) were performed using a Perkin-Elmer 2400 elemental analyzer. IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet Fourier Transform IR, MAGNA-IR 500 spectrometer in the range of 500–4000 cm−1 using the KBr disc technique. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of compounds 1 was performed on a computer-controlled Perkin-Elmer 7 Series/UNIX TGA7 analyzer. Single-phased powder samples were loaded into alumina pans and heated with a ramp rate of 5 °C/min from room temperature to 800 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The adsorption isotherm of N2 (77 K) and CO2 (200 K) for 1 was measured in the gaseous state by using BELSORP-max volumetric adsorption equipment from BEL, Osaka, Japan. In the sample cell (~1.8 cm3) maintained at T ± 0.03 K was placed the adsorbent sample (~100–150 mg), which has been prepared at 90 and 180 °C for 1 and 10–2 Pa for about 24 h prior to measurement of the isotherm. The adsorbate was placed into the sample cell, and then the change of pressure was monitored and the degree of adsorption was determined by the decrease of pressure at equilibrium state. All operations were through automatically computer-controlled.

3.2. Synthesis of {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]·3H2O}∞ (1), Dehydrated {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]}∞ (1a) and Rehydrated {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]·3H2O}∞ (1b)

An ethanol/H2O solution (1:1, 50 mL) of H2C4O4 (0.1419 g, 0.0012 mol) was added to an ethanol/water (1:1, 100 mL) solution of Cd(NO3)2·4H2O (0.4107 g, 0.0025 mol) and 4,4′-bipyridine (0.3904 g, 0.0013 mmol) at room temperature. After standing for one week, colorless needle-like crystals of 1 (yield, 0.412g 70.4%) were obtained which are suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. Anal. Calc. for C14H12N2O6Cd1 (1): C 35.21, N 5.74, H 3.95; Found: C 35.69, N 5.94, H 3.82. IR (KBr pellet): ν = 1603 (m), 1471 (s), 1413 (s), 1323 (m), 1221 (m), 1067 (m), 1006 (m), 672 (s), 628 (vs) cm−1. The fresh crystals of 1 are heated at 90 °C to obtain dehydrated crystals {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]}∞ (1a). The dehydrated crystals 1a are then stand at RT for one day to obtain rehydrated crystals {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]·3H2O}∞ (1b).

3.3. Crystallographic Data Collection and Refinements

Single-crystal structure analysis for compound 1, 1a, and 1b were performed out on a Siemens SMART diffractomerter (Taipei, Taiwan) with a CCD detector with Mo radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) at 150 K for 1 and 1b and at 340 K for 1a, respectively. A preliminary orientation matrix and unit cell parameters were determined from three runs of 15 frames each, each frame correspond to a 0.3° scan in 10 s, following by spot integration and least-squares refinement. For each structure, data were measured using ω scans of 0.3° per frame for 20 s until a complete hemisphere had been collected. Cell parameters were retrieved using SMART [56] software (Bruker SAINT) and refined with SAINT (Bruker SAINT) [57] on all observed reflections. Data reduction was performed with the SAINT [58] software package and corrected for Lorentz and polarization effects. Absorption corrections were applied with the program SADABS (Bruker, 2016) [58]. Direct phase determination and subsequent difference Fourier map synthesis yielded the positions of all atoms, which were subjected to anisotropic refinements for non-hydrogen atoms and isotropic for hydrogen atoms. The final full-matrix, least-squares refinement on F2 was applied for all observed reflections [I > 2σ(I)]. All calculations were performed by using the SHELXL-2014/7 software package [59]. Crystal data and details of the data collection and structure refinements for 1–4 are summarized in Table 1. CCDC-1584569, 1584570, and 1584571 for 1, 1a, and 1b contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge at www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html (or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12, Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: (internat.) +44-1223/336-033; email: [email protected]).

3.4. In Situ X-ray Powder Diffraction

Variable temperature synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data were collected at the Taiwan Photon Source of the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (TPS 09A, Hsinchu, Taiwan). The 15 keV X-ray source is delivered from an in-vacuum undulator (IU22, Hsinchu, Taiwan) and the powder diffraction patterns were recorded by a position-sensitive detector, MYTHEN 24K (Hsinchu, Taiwan), covering a 2θ range of 120°. All powder samples were loaded into 0.3 mm capillary. To obtain better random orientation, the capillary was rotated at 400 RPM during data collection. For high temperature experiment, a hot air gas blower was placed 2 mm under the sample. Due to the small gaps between detector modules, the two data sets were collected 2° apart with 60 s exposure time and the data were merged and gridded to give a continuous dataset.

3.5. Measurements of Gas Adsorption of Activated 1a

The adsorption isotherms of N2 (77 K), CO2 (198 K) and H2O (298 K) were measured in the gaseous state by using BELSORP-max volumetric adsorption equipment from BEL, Osaka, Japan. In the sample cell (~1.8 cm3) maintained at T ± 0.03 K was placed the adsorbent sample (~100–150 mg), which has been prepared at 90 °C for 1a and 10−2 Pa for about 24 h prior to measurement of the isotherm. The adsorbate was placed into the sample cell, and then the change of pressure was monitored and the degree of adsorption was determined by the decrease of pressure at equilibrium state. All operations were through automatically computer-controlled.

4. Conclusions

A 3D supramolecular network, {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]·3H2O}n (1), constructed by 2D-layered MOFs has been successfully synthesized. Adjacent 2D layers were then self-assembled via the mutually parallel and interpenetrating manners to form a 3D supramolecular network. Hydrogen bonding interaction among uncoordinated oxygen of squarate, coordinated water molecules in the host framework and the guest water molecules provide extra-energy on the stabilization of the 3D supramolecular architecture of 1. The guest water molecules in the as-synthesized samples can be removed readily by heating the sample to obtain dehydrated [Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]n (1a), and this resulting microporous material is highly robust and chemically inert. Noteworthy, compound 1 shows an interesting SCSC structural transformation between the dehydrated [Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]n 1a and rehydrated {[Cd(C4O4)(bipy)(H2O)2]·3H2O}n 1b during the reversible thermal re-/dehydration processes. It is also worthy to note that the dehydrated 1a selectively adsorbs CO2 over N2. Moreover, the high water adsorption uptake of the dehydrated 1a is attributed to the strong hydrogen-bonding affinity of water molecules with the uncoordinated O atoms of the squarate ligands in the host framework.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Science and Technology and Soochow University, Taiwan for financial support.

Author Contributions

Chih-Chieh Wang conceived and designed the experiments; Szu-Yu Ke, Kuan-Ting Chen, Tzu-Heng Wang, and Yi-Fang Hsieh performed the experiments, including synthesis, structural characterization, EA, IR, TG analysis, and gas-absorption measurements of compounds; Gene-Hsiang Lee contributed to the single-crystal X-ray data collection and structural analysis of compounds 1; Yu-Chun Chuang contributed to the powder X-ray diffraction measurements of compound 1 by synchrotron radiation; and Chih-Chieh Wang and Yu-Chun Chuang wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Crystals 07 00364 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) Coordination environment of the Cd(II) ion in 1 with atom labelling scheme (ORTEP drawing, 50% thermal ellipsoids). The guest water molecules and H atoms are omitted for clarity. (b) The 2D MOF in 1 via the bridges of squarate and 4,4′-bipyridine; (c) The 3D supramolecular network with the 1D channels intercalated with guest water molecules (space-filling mode) viewing along the c axis.
Figure 1. (a) Coordination environment of the Cd(II) ion in 1 with atom labelling scheme (ORTEP drawing, 50% thermal ellipsoids). The guest water molecules and H atoms are omitted for clarity. (b) The 2D MOF in 1 via the bridges of squarate and 4,4′-bipyridine; (c) The 3D supramolecular network with the 1D channels intercalated with guest water molecules (space-filling mode) viewing along the c axis.
Crystals 07 00364 g001
Crystals 07 00364 g002 550
Figure 2. The cyclic TG measurements of water de-/adsorption processes at 170 °C and back to RT. Red solid line: the variation of weight loss with time; blue dashed line: the variation of temperature with time.
Figure 2. The cyclic TG measurements of water de-/adsorption processes at 170 °C and back to RT. Red solid line: the variation of weight loss with time; blue dashed line: the variation of temperature with time.
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Crystals 07 00364 g003 550
Figure 3. PXRD patterns of as synthesized 1 at RT (black), dehydrated 1a at 90 °C (red), rehydrated 1b at RT (blue), simulated 1 from single-crystal data (pink), simulated 1a from single-crystal data at 90 °C (green), and simulated 1b from single-crystal data at RT (deep blue).
Figure 3. PXRD patterns of as synthesized 1 at RT (black), dehydrated 1a at 90 °C (red), rehydrated 1b at RT (blue), simulated 1 from single-crystal data (pink), simulated 1a from single-crystal data at 90 °C (green), and simulated 1b from single-crystal data at RT (deep blue).
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Crystals 07 00364 sch001 550
Scheme 1. SCSC structural transformation between 1 and 1a during the reversible de-/rehydration processes.
Scheme 1. SCSC structural transformation between 1 and 1a during the reversible de-/rehydration processes.
Crystals 07 00364 sch001
Crystals 07 00364 g004 550
Figure 4. (a) N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms measured at 77 K; (b) CO2 adsorption and desorption isotherms measured at 198 K; and (c) H2O adsorption and desorption isotherms measured at 298 K.
Figure 4. (a) N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms measured at 77 K; (b) CO2 adsorption and desorption isotherms measured at 198 K; and (c) H2O adsorption and desorption isotherms measured at 298 K.
Crystals 07 00364 g004
Table
Table 1. Bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) around Zn(II) ion in 1, 1a, and 1b. 1
Table 1. Bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) around Zn(II) ion in 1, 1a, and 1b. 1
Compound11a1b
Cd(1)–O(3)2.264(3)2.303(3)2.265(2)
Cd(1)–O(3)i2.264(3)2.303(3)2.265(2)
Cd(1)–O(1)2.294(3)2.273(2)2.296(2)
Cd(1)–O(1)i2.294(3)2.273(2)2.296(2)
Cd(1)–N(1)2.341(4)2.339(3)2.340(2)
Cd(1)–N(1)i2.341(4)2.339(3)2.340(2)
O(3)–Cd(1)–O(3)i180180.0180.0
O(3)i–Cd(1)–O(1)i92.77(12)93.61(11)92.76(7)
O(3)–Cd(1)–O(1)i87.23(12)86.39(11)87.24(7)
O(3)i–Cd(1)–O(1)87.23(12)86.39(11)87.24(7)
O(3)–Cd(1)–O(1)92.77(12)93.61(11)92.76(7)
O(1)–Cd(1)–O(1)i180180.0180.0
O(3)i–Cd(1)–N(1)87.82(13)91.88(11)87.93(8)
O(3)–Cd(1)–N(1)92.18(13)88.12(11)92.07(8)
O(1)i–Cd(1)–N(1)85.78(14)86.46(11)85.60(8)
O(1)–Cd(1)–N(1)94.22(14)93.54(11)94.40(8)
O(3)i–Cd(1)–N(1)i92.18(13)88.12(11)92.07(8)
O(3)–Cd(1)–N(1)i87.82(13)91.88(11)87.93(8)
O(1)i–Cd(1)–N(1)i94.22(14)93.54(11)94.40(8)
O(1)–Cd(1)–N(1)i85.78(14)86.46(11)85.60(8)
N(1)–Cd(1)–N(1)i180.0180.0180.0
1 Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms: i = −x + 1/2, −y + 1/2, −z + 1.
Table
Table 2. The O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds for 1 and 1b, respectively. 1
Table 2. The O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds for 1 and 1b, respectively. 1
Compound 1
D–H⋯AD–H (Å)H⋯A (Å)D⋯A (Å)∠ D–H⋯A (°)
O(3)–H(3A)⋯O(2)i0.81(7)1.88(7)2.664(5)162(6)
O(3)–H(3B)⋯O(2)ii0.87(7)1.85(7)2.698(5)163(6)
O(4)–H(4A)⋯O(5)0.83(5)1.96(5)2.762(5)162(6)
O(5)–H(5A)⋯O(1)0.71(8)2.11(8)2.807(5)171(8)
O(5)–H(5B)⋯O(4)iii0.79(7)2.00(7)2.782(5)168(7)
Compound 1b
D–H⋯AD–H (Å)H⋯A (Å)D⋯A (Å)∠ D–H⋯A (°)
O(3)–H(3A)⋯O(2)i0.79(4)1.89(4)2.663(3)166(4)
O(3)–H(3B)⋯O(2)ii0.81(4)1.91(4)2.698(3)165(3)
O(4)–H(4A)⋯O(5)0.82(3)1.95(3)2.766(3)169(4)
O(5)–H(5A)⋯O(1)0.81(4)2.01(4)2.808(3)171(4)
O(5)–H(5B)⋯O(4)iii0.76(4)2.04(4)2.783(3)168(4)
1 Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms: i = −x + 1/2, −y + 1/2, −z; ii = −x + 1/2, y − 1/2, −z + 1/2; iii = −x + 1, −y + 1, −z + 1.
Table
Table 3. Crystal data and refinement details of compounds 1, 1a and 1b.
Table 3. Crystal data and refinement details of compounds 1, 1a and 1b.
Compound11a1b
empirical formulaC14H18Cd1N2O9C14H12Cd1N2O6C14H18Cd1N2O9
formula mass (g mol−1)470.70416.66470.70
crystal systemMonoclinicMonoclinicMonoclinic
space groupC 2/cC 2/cC 2/c
a (Å)20.3421(8)19.7226(10)20.3589(12)
b (Å)11.6164(5)11.7865(5)11.6195(6)
c (Å)8.3198(3)8.1877(3)8.3196(4)
α (deg)909090
β (deg)113.7456(15)112.1639(15)113.7461(18)
γ (deg)909090
V (Å3)1799.55(12)1762.68(13)1801.47(17)
Z444
T (K)150(2)340(2)150(2)
Dcalcd (g cm−3)1.7371.5701.736
μ (mm−1)1.2631.2671.262
θ range (deg)2.066–27.4742.230–27.4843.011–27.491
total no. of data collected578057606113
no. of unique data207020282066
no. of obsd data (I > 2σ(I))168115941649
Rint0.03340.03180.0274
refine params145114145
R1, wR2 (I > 2σ(I)) 10.0360, 0.09240.0389, 0.07330.0250, 0.0482
R1, wR2 (all data) 10.0464, 0.10030.0551, 0.08000.0376, 0.0537
GOF 21.0851.1911.095
1 R1 = Σ||Fo − Fc||/Σ|Fo|; wR2(F2) = [Σw|Fo2 − Fc2|2/Σw(Fo4)]1/2. 2 GOF = {Σ[w|Fo2 − Fc2|2]/(n − p)}1/2.
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