Effect of Thiourea Containing Composite Additives on Nickel Electrodeposition in Ammoniacal Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cyclic Voltammetric Behavior
3.2. Nucleation and Growth Mechanism
3.3. Deposit Morphology
3.4. Crystallographic Orientations
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The introduction of composite additives resulted in a stronger cathodic polarization and increased the nucleation overpotential significantly.
- (2)
- The reduction in nickel followed the 3D progressive nucleation mechanism in the presence of composite additives at the step potential of −1.16 V and −1.18 V but became ambiguous when thiourea was used in combination with CTAC or PEG20000 at the potential of −1.20 V.
- (3)
- The composite additives had an effect on forming compact and smooth nickel deposits. The introduction of CTAC to the thiourea containing electrolyte resulted in nickel particles changing from needle-like to spherical.
- (4)
- All nickel deposits had the face-centered cubic structure. The diffraction peaks of (111) and (200) crystal planes were slightly shifted toward lower 2θ values when thiourea was used in combination with additive CTAC or PEG20000.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Additive Composition | −Eco (mV) | −Enu (mV) | NOP (mV) |
---|---|---|---|
TU | 995 | 1163 | 168 |
TU + CTAC | 986 | 1181 | 195 |
TU + SDS | 1002 | 1186 | 184 |
TU + PEG20000 | 994 | 1182 | 188 |
Additive Composition | E V | tm s | Im mA/cm2 | tm mA2/(cm4·s) | 109D cm2/s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TU | −1.16 | 7.8 | 0.87 | 5.90 | 1.99 |
−1.18 | 5.1 | 1.11 | 6.28 | 2.12 | |
−1.20 | 3.2 | 1.56 | 7.79 | 2.63 | |
TU + CTAC | −1.16 | 17.6 | 0.54 | 5.13 | 1.73 |
−1.18 | 11.1 | 0.73 | 5.92 | 2.00 | |
−1.20 | 5.5 | 1.07 | 6.30 | 2.12 | |
TU + SDS | −1.16 | 8.2 | 0.77 | 4.86 | 1.64 |
−1.18 | 4.8 | 1.03 | 5.09 | 1.72 | |
−1.20 | 2.6 | 1.31 | 4.46 | 1.50 | |
TU + PEG 20000 | −1.16 | 19.3 | 0.65 | 8.15 | 2.75 |
−1.18 | 10.9 | 0.93 | 9.43 | 3.18 | |
−1.20 | 5.8 | 1.10 | 7.02 | 2.73 |
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Yuan, L.; Chen, J.; Zhang, J.; Sun, L. Effect of Thiourea Containing Composite Additives on Nickel Electrodeposition in Ammoniacal Solution. Crystals 2022, 12, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010043
Yuan L, Chen J, Zhang J, Sun L. Effect of Thiourea Containing Composite Additives on Nickel Electrodeposition in Ammoniacal Solution. Crystals. 2022; 12(1):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010043
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Liang, Jinhong Chen, Jingxiang Zhang, and Lingna Sun. 2022. "Effect of Thiourea Containing Composite Additives on Nickel Electrodeposition in Ammoniacal Solution" Crystals 12, no. 1: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010043
APA StyleYuan, L., Chen, J., Zhang, J., & Sun, L. (2022). Effect of Thiourea Containing Composite Additives on Nickel Electrodeposition in Ammoniacal Solution. Crystals, 12(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010043