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Volume 10
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10.3390/cryst10030198
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Review

Dual Energy X-ray Methods for the Characterization, Quantification and Imaging of Calcification Minerals and Masses in Breast

by
Niki Martini
,
Vaia Koukou
,
Christos Michail
* and
George Fountos
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Radiation Physics, Materials Technology, and Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, University of West Attica, 122 10 Athens, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2020, 10(3), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030198
Submission received: 19 February 2020 / Revised: 10 March 2020 / Accepted: 12 March 2020 / Published: 13 March 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Novel Dual Energy X-ray Imaging Methods)
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Abstract

Dual energy (DE) technique has been used by numerous studies in order to detect breast cancer in early stages. Although mammography is the gold standard, the dual energy technique offers the advantage of the suppression of the contrast between adipose and glandular tissues and reveals pathogenesis that is not present in conventional mammography. Both dual energy subtraction and dual energy contrast enhanced techniques were used in order to study the potential of dual energy technique to assist in detection or/and visualization of calcification minerals, masses and lesions obscured by overlapping tissue. This article reviews recent developments in this field, regarding: i) simulation studies carried out for the optimizations of the dual energy technique used in order to characterize and quantify calcification minerals or/and visualize suspected findings, and ii) the subsequent experimental verifications, and finally, the adaptation of the dual energy technique in clinical practice.
Keywords: dual energy; X-rays; minerals; crystalline compounds; crystal structure; breast imaging; mammography; cancer dual energy; X-rays; minerals; crystalline compounds; crystal structure; breast imaging; mammography; cancer

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MDPI and ACS Style

Martini, N.; Koukou, V.; Michail, C.; Fountos, G. Dual Energy X-ray Methods for the Characterization, Quantification and Imaging of Calcification Minerals and Masses in Breast. Crystals 2020, 10, 198. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030198

AMA Style

Martini N, Koukou V, Michail C, Fountos G. Dual Energy X-ray Methods for the Characterization, Quantification and Imaging of Calcification Minerals and Masses in Breast. Crystals. 2020; 10(3):198. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030198

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martini, Niki, Vaia Koukou, Christos Michail, and George Fountos. 2020. "Dual Energy X-ray Methods for the Characterization, Quantification and Imaging of Calcification Minerals and Masses in Breast" Crystals 10, no. 3: 198. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030198

APA Style

Martini, N., Koukou, V., Michail, C., & Fountos, G. (2020). Dual Energy X-ray Methods for the Characterization, Quantification and Imaging of Calcification Minerals and Masses in Breast. Crystals, 10(3), 198. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10030198

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