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Volume 15
Issue 6
10.3390/catal15060527
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Communication

Evidence of Enhanced Molecular Oxygen Activity Induced by the Synergistic Effect of Oxygen Vacancies and Ag Nanoparticles in Ag3PO4

by
Xu Zhang
1,2,3,†,
Futao Yi
1,†,
Li Zhou
2,*,
Weifeng Xie
4,
Zhenqi Wang
1,
Huaqiang Chu
1,*,
Xuefei Zhou
1 and
Yalei Zhang
1
1
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
2
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection Research, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
3
Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving, and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
4
Shanghai Qingpu District Chonggu Town Agriculture and Rural Service Center, Shanghai 201706, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Catalysts 2025, 15(6), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060527 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 7 April 2025 / Revised: 15 May 2025 / Accepted: 23 May 2025 / Published: 26 May 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study investigates the synergistic enhancement of molecular oxygen activation (MOA) in silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) photocatalysts modified with oxygen vacancies (OVs) and silver nanoparticles (Ag0). The vacuum-calcined Ag3PO4 exhibited a 2.05-fold increase in the degradation efficiency of cylindrospermopsin (CYN), reaching 88.00% within 5 min, compared to its pristine counterpart. This work proposes a novel dual-modification approach—rarely explored in previous MOA studies—by introducing OVs and Ag0 simultaneously. The characterization results confirmed that OVs improved the charge transfer and adsorption of molecular oxygen, while the Ag0 nanoparticles facilitated electron–hole separation and interfacial charge transfer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as ·O2−, 1O2, H2O2, and ·OH were confirmed via ESR analysis and chemical assays. A detailed mechanism was proposed and illustrated, showing how OVs and Ag0 synergistically promote MOA. These findings highlight a cost-effective method for enhancing photocatalysis and environmental remediation.
Keywords: vacuum-calcined; silver phosphonate; oxygen defects; silver nanoparticles; molecular oxygen activation vacuum-calcined; silver phosphonate; oxygen defects; silver nanoparticles; molecular oxygen activation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, X.; Yi, F.; Zhou, L.; Xie, W.; Wang, Z.; Chu, H.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, Y. Evidence of Enhanced Molecular Oxygen Activity Induced by the Synergistic Effect of Oxygen Vacancies and Ag Nanoparticles in Ag3PO4. Catalysts 2025, 15, 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060527

AMA Style

Zhang X, Yi F, Zhou L, Xie W, Wang Z, Chu H, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Evidence of Enhanced Molecular Oxygen Activity Induced by the Synergistic Effect of Oxygen Vacancies and Ag Nanoparticles in Ag3PO4. Catalysts. 2025; 15(6):527. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060527

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Xu, Futao Yi, Li Zhou, Weifeng Xie, Zhenqi Wang, Huaqiang Chu, Xuefei Zhou, and Yalei Zhang. 2025. "Evidence of Enhanced Molecular Oxygen Activity Induced by the Synergistic Effect of Oxygen Vacancies and Ag Nanoparticles in Ag3PO4" Catalysts 15, no. 6: 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060527

APA Style

Zhang, X., Yi, F., Zhou, L., Xie, W., Wang, Z., Chu, H., Zhou, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Evidence of Enhanced Molecular Oxygen Activity Induced by the Synergistic Effect of Oxygen Vacancies and Ag Nanoparticles in Ag3PO4. Catalysts, 15(6), 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15060527

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