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Volume 14
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10.3390/catal14120871
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Article

Heterogeneization of Biodiesel Production by Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification of Oleins

by
Vanesa Domínguez-Barroso
1,
Concepción Herrera
1,*,
María Ángeles Larrubia
1,
Carlos Gonzalo López
2,
Diego Bouzas Ramos
2 and
Luis J. Alemany
1,*
1
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
2
Bio-Oils Huelva, S.L.U. Calle Gobernador Ángel Horcajadas, s/n Polígono Industrial Nuevo Puerto, 21810 Palos de la Frontera, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2024, 14(12), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120871
Submission received: 18 October 2024 / Revised: 20 November 2024 / Accepted: 23 November 2024 / Published: 29 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Topical Advisory Panel Members' Collection Series: Biomass Catalytic Conversion)
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Abstract

The production of biodiesel via simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions of residual fats such as palm oleins, with variable TG and FFA composition, using methanol and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) or an acid carbon-based structured catalyst (SO3H-C) as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts respectively, has been investigated. The influence of various parameters, such as methanol to oil molar ratio, operating temperature, amount of catalyst, or nature and composition of the raw materials on the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield was studied. It was determined that increasing the methanol to oil molar ratio resulted in an increase in the conversion of TG and FFA and a higher FAME yield; besides, reaction temperature has a strong effect. The best conditions tested to obtain the highest FAME yield (99.2%) was a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, 120 °C (12 bar), a reaction time of at least 1 h, and 3% MSA as a homogeneous catalyst. The work demonstrated that an acidic solid catalyst, SO3H-C, homemade prepared, could be used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the simultaneous process under the optimized reaction conditions, achieving a complete esterification conversion with some limitations with respect to the transesterification reaction and a FAME yield close to 90.5%.
Keywords: biodiesel; heterogeneous catalysts; underutilized oils; olein biodiesel; heterogeneous catalysts; underutilized oils; olein
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MDPI and ACS Style

Domínguez-Barroso, V.; Herrera, C.; Larrubia, M.Á.; Gonzalo López, C.; Ramos, D.B.; Alemany, L.J. Heterogeneization of Biodiesel Production by Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification of Oleins. Catalysts 2024, 14, 871. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120871

AMA Style

Domínguez-Barroso V, Herrera C, Larrubia MÁ, Gonzalo López C, Ramos DB, Alemany LJ. Heterogeneization of Biodiesel Production by Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification of Oleins. Catalysts. 2024; 14(12):871. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120871

Chicago/Turabian Style

Domínguez-Barroso, Vanesa, Concepción Herrera, María Ángeles Larrubia, Carlos Gonzalo López, Diego Bouzas Ramos, and Luis J. Alemany. 2024. "Heterogeneization of Biodiesel Production by Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification of Oleins" Catalysts 14, no. 12: 871. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120871

APA Style

Domínguez-Barroso, V., Herrera, C., Larrubia, M. Á., Gonzalo López, C., Ramos, D. B., & Alemany, L. J. (2024). Heterogeneization of Biodiesel Production by Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification of Oleins. Catalysts, 14(12), 871. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120871

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