Catalysis for CO2 Hydrogenation—What We Have Learned/Should Learn from the Hydrogenation of Syngas to Methanol
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Status of Syngas to Methanol
2.1. Cu-Based Catalysts
2.2. Precious Metal Catalysts
2.3. Metal Oxide Catalysts
3. Methanol Synthesis from CO2
3.1. Reaction Pathways of CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol
3.1.1. Formate (HCOO*) Pathway
3.1.2. RWGS + CO Hydrogenation Pathway
3.1.3. Trans-COOH Pathway
3.2. Insights into the Active Phase of Cu-Based CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol Catalysts
3.2.1. Chemical State of Cu Species
3.2.2. Morphology of Metal Nanoparticles
3.2.3. Metal–Support Interactions
3.2.4. Active Sites of CO2 Activation
4. Conclusions and Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalysts | Temperature (°C) | H2: CO2 Ratio | Pressure (MPa) | CO2 Conversion (%) | MeOH Selectivity (%) | Yield (gMeOH·kgcat−1·h−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu/γ-Al2O3 [19] | 200 | 3.8 | 10 | N/A | 45 | N/A |
Cu-K/γ-Al2O3 [19] | 200 | 3.8 | 10 | N/A | 5 | N/A |
Cu-Ba/γ-Al2O3 [19] | 200 | 3.8 | 10 | N/A | 63 | N/A |
Ga-Cu-Zn/ZrO2 [20] | 250 | 3 | 4 | 18 | 69 | 512 |
Cu-Zn/SiO2 [21] | 270 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 47.2 | 64 |
Cu-Zn-Ga/SiO2 [21] | 270 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 99.8 | 128 |
Cu-Zn-Ga/H-SiO2 [21] | 270 | 3 | 2 | 5.6 | 99.5 | 352 |
Cu/ZnO/ZrO4Ga4O3 [22] | 250 | 3 | 8 | N/A | 75 | 324 |
Cu/ZnGa4O4 [23] | 240 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 26 | 48 | N/A |
Cu/SiO2 [24] | 250 | 3 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 15 | N/A |
Pd/SiO2 [24] | 250 | 3 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 23 | N/A |
Pd-Zn/CNT [25] | 270 | 3 | 5 | 19.6 | 35.5 | 343 |
Pd-Ga/CNT [26] | 250 | 3 | 5 | 16.5 | 52.5 | 512 |
Pd/Ga2O3 [27] | 250 | 3 | 5 | 17.3 | 51.6 | 175.6 |
Ga4O3-Pd/SiO4 [28] | 250 | 3 | 3 | 1.34 | 58.9 | 283.4 |
Pd-CaO/MCM-41 [29] | 250 | 3 | 3 | 12.1 | 65.2 | N/A |
In2O3/ZrO2 [30] | 300 | 4 | 5 | 5.2 | 99.8 | 295 |
In2.5/ZrO2 [31] | 300 | 4 | 5 | 5.7 | 46.5 | 160 |
In2O3 [32] | 270 | 3 | 4 | 1.1 | 54.9 | 25 |
In2O3 [32] | 330 | 3 | 4 | 7.1 | 40.0 | 118 |
ZnO-ZrO2 [33] | 320 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 91.0 | 730 |
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Yang, Z.; Guo, D.; Dong, S.; Wu, J.; Zhu, M.; Han, Y.-F.; Liu, Z.-W. Catalysis for CO2 Hydrogenation—What We Have Learned/Should Learn from the Hydrogenation of Syngas to Methanol. Catalysts 2023, 13, 1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13111452
Yang Z, Guo D, Dong S, Wu J, Zhu M, Han Y-F, Liu Z-W. Catalysis for CO2 Hydrogenation—What We Have Learned/Should Learn from the Hydrogenation of Syngas to Methanol. Catalysts. 2023; 13(11):1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13111452
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Zixu, Derun Guo, Shengbin Dong, Jiayi Wu, Minghui Zhu, Yi-Fan Han, and Zhong-Wen Liu. 2023. "Catalysis for CO2 Hydrogenation—What We Have Learned/Should Learn from the Hydrogenation of Syngas to Methanol" Catalysts 13, no. 11: 1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13111452