Thickness-Dependent Photocatalysis of Ultra-Thin MoS2 Film for Visible-Light-Driven CO2 Reduction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Synthesis of Photocatalytic Ultra-Thin Film
2.2. Characterization of Photocatalytic Ultra-Thin Film
2.3. Photocatalytic Performance
2.4. Photocatalytic Mechanism
2.4.1. Size Effect
2.4.2. Effect of Optical Absorption
2.4.3. Effect of Grain Size
2.4.4. Stability Test
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Preparation
3.2. Characterization
3.3. Photocatalytic Activity Measurement
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kätelhön, A.; Meys, R.; Deutz, S.; Suh, S.; Bardow, A. Climate change mitigation potential of carbon capture and utilization in the chemical industry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, 11187–11194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hepburn, C.; Adlen, E.; Beddington, J.; Carter, E.A.; Fuss, S.; Mac Dowell, N.; Minx, J.C.; Smith, P.; Williams, C.K. The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal. Nature 2019, 575, 87–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Davis, S.J.; Lewis, N.S.; Shaner, M.; Aggarwal, S.; Arent, D.; Azevedo, I.L.; Benson, S.M.; Bradley, T.; Brouwer, J.; Chiang, Y.M.; et al. Net-zero emissions energy systems. Science 2018, 360, 6396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bushuyev, O.S.; De Luna, P.; Dinh, C.T.; Tao, L.; Saur, G.; van de Lagemaat, J.; Kelley, S.O.; Sargent, E.H. What should we make with CO2 and how can we make it? Joule 2018, 2, 825–832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Indrakanti, V.P.; Kubicki, J.D.; Schobert, H.H. Photoinduced activation of CO2 on Ti-based heterogeneous catalysts: Current state, chemical physics-based insights and outlook. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 745–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, X.; Wang, T.; Gong, J. CO2 photo-reduction: Insights into CO2 activation and reaction on surfaces of photocatalysts. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 2177–2196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voiry, D.; Shin, H.S.; Loh, K.P.; Chhowalla, M. Low-dimensional catalysts for hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction. Nat. Rev. Chem. 2018, 2, 0105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Djurišić, A.B.; He, Y.; Ng, A.M. Visible-light photocatalysts: Prospects and challenges. APL Mater. 2020, 8, 030903–030924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marszewski, M.; Cao, S.; Yu, J.; Jaroniec, M. Semiconductor-based photocatalytic CO2 conversion. Mater. Horiz. 2015, 2, 261–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maeda, K. Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor particles: History and recent developments. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 2011, 12, 237–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arumugam, M.; Tahir, M.; Praserthdam, P. Effect of nonmetals (B, O, P, and S) doped with porous g-C3N4 for improved electron transfer towards photocatalytic CO2 reduction with water into CH4. Chemosphere 2021, 286, 131765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bi, W.; Wu, C.; Xie, Y. Atomically thin two-dimensional solids: An emerging platform for CO2 electroreduction. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 624–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hasani, A.; Tekalgne, M.; Van Le, Q.; Jang, H.W.; Kim, S.Y. Two-dimensional materials as catalysts for solar fuels: Hydrogen evolution reaction and CO2 reduction. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 430–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, S.; Wu, X.; Wang, Y.; Guo, X.; Tong, L. 2D materials for optical modulation: Challenges and opportunities. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1606128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, S.; Modak, A.; Pant, K.K.; Sinhamahapatra, A.; Biswas, P. MoS2–Nanosheets-based catalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction: A review. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2021, 4, 8644–8667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chhowalla, M.; Shin, H.S.; Eda, G.; Li, L.J.; Loh, K.P.; Zhang, H. The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Nat. Chem. 2013, 5, 263–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Liu, X.; Niu, P.; Wang, S.; Shi, J.; Li, L. Porous two-dimensional materials for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications. Matter 2020, 2, 1377–1413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaramillo, T.F.; Jørgensen, K.P.; Bonde, J.; Nielsen, J.H.; Horch, S.; Chorkendorff, I. Identification of active edge sites for electrochemical H2 evolution from MoS2 nanocatalysts. Science 2007, 317, 100–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lin, Y.K.; Chen, R.S.; Chou, T.C.; Lee, Y.H.; Chen, Y.F.; Chen, K.H.; Chen, L.C. Thickness-dependent binding energy shift in few-layer MoS2 grown by chemical vapor deposition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 22637–22646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, J.B.; Lin, M.L.; Cong, X.; Liu, H.N.; Tan, P.H. Raman spectroscopy of graphene-based materials and its applications in related devices. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 1822–1873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ye, M.; Winslow, D.; Zhang, D.; Pandey, R.; Yap, Y.K. Recent advancement on the optical properties of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin films. Photonics 2015, 2, 288–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mignuzzi, S.; Pollard, A.J.; Bonini, N.; Brennan, B.; Gilmore, I.S.; Pimenta, M.A.; Richards, D.; Roy, D. Effect of disorder on Raman scattering of single-layer. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 91, 195411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Feng, Z.C.; Schurman, M.; Stall, R.A. How to distinguish the Raman modes of epitaxial GaN with phonon features from sapphire substrate—Comments on “Optical properties of GaN film grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition” [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 14, 840 (1996)]. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A Vac. Surf. Films 1997, 15, 2428–2430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mercado, E.; Goodyear, A.; Moffat, J.; Cooke, M.; Sundaram, R.S. A Raman metrology approach to quality control of 2D MoS2 film fabrication. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2017, 50, 184005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhong, W.; Deng, S.; Wang, K.; Li, G.; Li, G.; Chen, R.; Kwok, H.S. Feasible route for a large area few-layer MoS2 with magnetron sputtering. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, C.; Yan, H.; Brus, L.E.; Heinz, T.F.; Hone, J.; Ryu, S. Anomalous lattice vibrations of single-and few-layer MoS2. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 2695–2700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pak, S.; Lee, J.; Lee, Y.W.; Jang, A.R.; Ahn, S.; Ma, K.Y.; Cho, Y.; Hong, J.; Lee, S.; Jeong, H.Y.; et al. Strain-mediated interlayer coupling effects on the excitonic behaviors in an epitaxially grown MoS2/WS2 van der Waals heterobilayer. Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 5634–5640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ahn, G.H.; Amani, M.; Rasool, H.; Lien, D.H.; Mastandrea, J.P.; Ager Iii, J.W.; Dubey, M.; Chrzan, D.C.; Minor, A.M.; Javey, A. Strain-engineered growth of two-dimensional materials. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Synnatschke, K.; Cieslik, P.A.; Harvey, A.; Castellanos-Gomez, A.; Tian, T.; Shih, C.J.; Chernikov, A.; Santos, E.J.G.; Coleman, J.N.; Claudia Backes, C. Length-and thickness-dependent optical response of liquid-exfoliated transition metal dichalcogenides. Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 10049–10062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Makuła, P.; Pacia, M.; Macyk, W. How to correctly determine the band gap energy of modified semiconductor photocatalysts based on UV–Vis spectra. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 6814–6817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, X.; Lu, R.; Zhao, X.; Xu, S.; Lei, X.; Zhang, F.; Evans, D.G. Fabrication and photocatalytic performance of a ZnxCd1− xS solid solution prepared by sulfuration of a single layered double hydroxide precursor. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2011, 102, 147–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Splendiani, A.; Sun, L.; Zhang, Y.; Li, T.; Kim, J.; Chim, C.Y.; Galli, G.; Wang, F. Emerging photoluminescence in monolayer MoS2. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1271–1275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eda, G.; Yamaguchi, H.; Voiry, D.; Fujita, T.; Chen, M.; Chhowalla, M. Photoluminescence from chemically exfoliated MoS2. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 5111–5116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Laskar, M.R.; Ma, L.; Kannappan, S.; Park, P.S.; Krishnamoorthy, S.; Nath, D.N.; Lu, W.; Wu, Y.; Rajan, S. Large area single crystal (0001) oriented MoS2. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 102, 252108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Patterson, A.L. The Scherrer formula for X-ray particle size determination. Phys. Rev. 1939, 56, 978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Liu, H.; Tian, Z.; Lu, D.; Yu, Y.; Cestellos-Blanco, S.; Sakimoto, K.K.; Yang, P. Bacteria photosensitized by intracellular gold nanoclusters for solar fuel production. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13, 900–905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, X.; Sun, Y.; Xu, J.; Shao, Y.; Wu, J.; Xu, X.; Pan, Y.; Ju, H.; Zhu, J.; Xie, Y. Selective visible-light-driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4 mediated by atomically thin CuIn5S8 layers. Nat. Energy 2019, 4, 690–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Linsebigler, A.L.; Lu, G.; Yates, J.T., Jr. Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces: Principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 735–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, J.; Huang, Y.; Ye, W.; Li, Y. CO2 reduction: From the electrochemical to photochemical approach. Adv. Sci. 2017, 4, 1700194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maeda, K.; Nishimura, N.; Domen, K. A precursor route to prepare tantalum (V) nitride nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution under visible light. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2009, 370, 88–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jariwala, D.; Davoyan, A.R.; Tagliabue, G.; Sherrott, M.C.; Wong, J.; Atwater, H.A. Near-unity absorption in van der Waals semiconductors for ultrathin optoelectronics. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 5482–5487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Samaj, L. Recombination processes at grain boundaries in polycrystalline semiconductors. Phys. Status Solidi A 1987, 100, 157–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.C.; Park, O.O. Electron scattering mechanisms in indium-tin-oxide thin films: Grain boundary and ionized impurity scattering. Vacuum 2004, 75, 275–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Godin, R.; Wang, Y.; Zwijnenburg, M.A.; Tang, J.; Durrant, J.R. Time-resolved spectroscopic investigation of charge trapping in carbon nitrides photocatalysts for hydrogen generation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 5216–5224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miao, T.J.; Tang, J. Characterization of charge carrier behavior in photocatalysis using transient absorption spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 2020, 152, 194201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, Y.; Nie, W.; Wang, X.; Fan, F.; Li, C. Advanced space-and time-resolved techniques for photocatalyst studies. Chem. Commun. 2020, 56, 1007–1021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Favaro, M.; Xiao, H.; Cheng, T.; Goddard, W.A.; Yano, J.; Crumlin, E.J. Subsurface oxide plays a critical role in CO2 activation by Cu (111) surfaces to form chemisorbed CO2, the first step in reduction of CO2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2017, 114, 6706–6711. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zaera, F. New advances in the use of infrared absorption spectroscopy for the characterization of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 7624–7663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chladek, P.; Coleman, L.J.; Croiset, E.; Hudgins, R.R. Gas chromatography method for the characterization of ethanol steam reforming products. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2007, 45, 153–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lum, Y.; Ager, J.W. Evidence for product-specific active sites on oxide-derived Cu catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction. Nat. Catal. 2019, 2, 86–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Thickness (nm) | β/Degree | 2θ/Degree | D/nm |
---|---|---|---|
7 | 1.43 | 14.29 | 5.60 |
17 | 0.64 | 14.47 | 12.51 |
25 | 0.38 | 14.50 | 21.07 |
50 | 0.32 | 14.47 | 25.02 |
Apparent Production Yield (nmol/cm2) | QE (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MoS2TFs | CH4 | C2H4 | CH3CHO | C3H6O | Total | MoS2TFs | Total (%) |
Blank test | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.78 | 0.48 | 1.47 | Blank test | none |
T = 500 °C | 0.83 | 0.22 | 0.96 | 0.08 | 2.09 | T = 500 °C | 0.000029 |
T = 700 °C | 0.86 | 0.39 | 1.77 | 0.14 | 3.16 | T = 700 °C | 0.000045 |
T = 900 °C | 1.38 | 0.86 | 2.35 | 0.20 | 4.79 | T = 900 °C | 0.000068 |
Apparent Production Yield (nmol/cm2) | QE (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MoS2TFs | CH4 | C2H4 | CH3CHO | C3H6O | Total | MoS2TFs | Total (%) |
Blank test | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.78 | 0.48 | 1.47 | Blank test | none |
t = 7 nm | 0.95 | 0.34 | 0.69 | 0.15 | 2.13 | t = 7 nm | 0.000030 |
t = 17 nm | 0.94 | 0.47 | 1.41 | 0.25 | 3.07 | t = 17 nm | 0.000044 |
t = 25 nm | 1.38 | 0.86 | 2.34 | 0.21 | 4.79 | t = 25 nm | 0.000068 |
t = 50 nm | 1.10 | 0.75 | 2.16 | 0.15 | 4.16 | t = 50 nm | 0.000059 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Huang, Y.-F.; Liao, K.-W.; Fahmi, F.R.Z.; Modak, V.A.; Tsai, S.-H.; Ke, S.-W.; Wang, C.-H.; Chen, L.-C.; Chen, K.-H. Thickness-Dependent Photocatalysis of Ultra-Thin MoS2 Film for Visible-Light-Driven CO2 Reduction. Catalysts 2021, 11, 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11111295
Huang Y-F, Liao K-W, Fahmi FRZ, Modak VA, Tsai S-H, Ke S-W, Wang C-H, Chen L-C, Chen K-H. Thickness-Dependent Photocatalysis of Ultra-Thin MoS2 Film for Visible-Light-Driven CO2 Reduction. Catalysts. 2021; 11(11):1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11111295
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Yi-Fan, Kuan-Wei Liao, Fariz Rifqi Zul Fahmi, Varad A. Modak, Shang-Hsuan Tsai, Shang-Wei Ke, Chen-Hao Wang, Li-Chyong Chen, and Kuei-Hsien Chen. 2021. "Thickness-Dependent Photocatalysis of Ultra-Thin MoS2 Film for Visible-Light-Driven CO2 Reduction" Catalysts 11, no. 11: 1295. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11111295