Traffic Priority-Aware Adaptive Slot Allocation for Medium Access Control Protocol in Wireless Body Area Network
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Firstly, a reduced contention adaptive slot allocation algorithm is presented, to minimize contention rounds during the transmission of data from BMSs to the body coordinator.
- Secondly, a low threshold vital signs criticality-based adaptive slot allocation algorithm is developed to resolve slot allocation conflicts among high priority data.
- Thirdly, a high threshold vital signs criticality-based adaptive slot allocation algorithm is designed to resolve slot allocation conflicts among low priority data.
- Simulations are performed in realistic biomedical environments, to comparatively evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol with state-of-the-art MAC protocols.
2. Related Works
- ■
- IEEE 802.15.4 provides limited 16 (0–15) channels.
- ■
- All BMSs perform contention and repeats the previous rounds of contention in the current rounds to access the channel in the CAP period.
- ■
- Allocation of the CFP channels only to those BMSs that obtained a channel access in the CAP period.
- ■
- During contention to access the channel, there is no priority-basis slot allocated to emergency data, and there is no differentiation between normal, periodic, and emergency data to assign the first slot based on priority during life critical situations.
- ■
- Due to contention, BMSs consume a higher amount of energy and drop patient data by exceeding the threshold values of contention.
- ■
- In TDMA, each BMS transmits sensory data in the fixed length of time and drops data if it has a large amount of data (frame). For instance, the report of the ECG is comprised of long sensory information.
3. Traffic Priority-Aware Adaptive Slot Allocation for Medium Access Control
3.1. Network Model
- This study proposes Superframe structure of the TraySL-MAC protocol and provides sufficient channels by classifying the operating frequency into sub-frequencies.
- The sub-frequencies avoid the channel interferences, and BMSs transmit the long report of ECG with a sufficient time period of BI.
- The proposed ReCAL-CSMA/CA mechanism reduces the repetition in rounds of contention of non-emergency-based BMSs and does not drop the patient’s data.
- Emergency-based BMSs do not contend to access the CAP channel, but they transmit alert signals to the dedicated emergency beacons. For this purpose, this study proposes a delay-aware mechanism, known as VSCAS.
- The proposed TraySL-MAC protocol and other mechanisms improve throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR), and reduces energy consumption and packet delivery delay.
3.2. Frequency Bands
3.3. Patient’s Traffic Classification
3.4. The Superframe Structure of TraySL-MAC
3.5. Reduced Contention Adaptive Slot Allocation CSMA/CA Scheme
Algorithm 1. ReCAL-CSMA/CA: Reduced contention adaptive slot allocation CSMA-CA scheduling access scheme. | |
Notations | |
: Contention window size | |
: Number of back-offs | |
CCA: Clear Channel Assessment | |
Be: Back-off Exponential | |
MacMinBe: First round for contention | |
MACb: Second round for contention | |
MACMinb: Third round for contention | |
MacMedb: Fourth round for contention | |
aMaxb: fifth round for contention | |
: Minimum Be | |
: Maximum Be | |
Process | |
1. | Set = 2, = 0, Be = 1 |
2. | if (BMS_i ∈ operates on Fixed Battery Power OR Not operates on Fixed Battery) |
Set Be ← min (1, MacMinBe) | |
else | |
Set Be ← 1 | |
end if | |
3. | Locate Backoff Period boundary |
Set ← (0 To 2Be − 1) | |
Set BMS_i ← perform CCA on backoff period boundary of | |
4. | if (channel_of_CAP = idle) |
Set Decrement ( ← − 1) | |
if ( = 0 && slot is available in CAP period) | |
Transmit | |
else | |
CCA expires and Go to [Step 4] | |
end if | |
5. | else // in case of channel busy |
Set ← 2 | |
Set Be ← Be + 1; | |
Set Be ← min (Be + 1, aMaxb) | |
end if | |
6. | if ( > aMaxb) |
//Here to add OD slot to access NDTS slots of CFP period | |
Set perform CCA 2 Times to find status of OD_slot | |
if (status_of_OD_Slot = idle) | |
Set OD_Slot ← BMS_i transmits an alert signal | |
BMS_i ←BC_Allocates_ NDTS _slot (Xi) | |
NDTS _slot (Xi) ← BMS_i | |
else | |
Wait for next beacon interval or Drop | |
end if | |
7. | else |
if (= MACb) | |
Set MACb ← 2 | |
Set Be ← MACb | |
Delay for random [Compute =2(Be -1) To 2 Be – 1] Backoffs | |
Go to [Step 4] | |
else if ( = MACMinb) | |
Set MACMinb ← 3 | |
Set Be ← MACMinb | |
Delay for random [Compute =2(Be -1) To 2 Be – 1] Backoffs | |
Go to [Step 4] | |
else if ( = MACMedb) | |
Set MACMedb ← 4 | |
Set Be ← MACMedb | |
Delay for random [Compute =2(Be -1) To 2 Be – 1] Backoffs | |
Go To & Perform CCA [Step 4] | |
else | |
Set aMaxb ← 5 | |
Set Be ← aMaxb | |
Delay for random [Compute =2(Be -1) To 2 Be – 1] Backoffs | |
Go To & Perform CCA [Step 4] | |
else | |
Set perform CCA 2 times for OD_slot | |
Allocate NDTS slots | |
end if | |
end if | |
8. | End |
Output: Minimization in rounds of contentions, delay, packet loss, energy consumption and allocation of CAP slots to BMSs |
3.5.1. Explanation of Steps of ReCal-CSMA/CA Algorithm
3.5.2. Complexity Analysis
3.6. Slot Allocation Based on the Criticalities of Threshold Values
3.6.1. Low Threshold Vital Signs Criticalities-Based Adaptive Slot Allocation
Algorithm 2. (LT-VSCAS): The body coordinator calculates the criticalities of low threshold values and assigns CLTTS slots on the priority-basis to vital signs. | |
Notations | |
Vital_signs_Monitor: vital signs of a patient. | |
TH_Val: Threshold values of a vital sign | |
BMSm… + in: Number of different BMSs to monitor vital signs of a patient. | |
BC: The Body Coordinator who is responsible for the allocation of CLTTS slots. | |
EB_Low: Emergency beacon for Low threshold values to receive alerts during emergency situation. | |
CLTTS: “critical low threshold transfer slots” designated to allocate during transmission of low threshold values. | |
BC: The body coordinator is to allocate CLTTS slots | |
G_Ea: Earlier generation time of detection of threshold value. | |
G_Re: Recently generation time of detection of threshold value. | |
PktS: The packet size of the detected vital sign. | |
BC_Allc_CLTTS: The body Coordinator allocates CLTTS slots to sensors of detected low threshold values. | |
PKts_m: the data packet belongs to BMS m | |
PKts_n: the data packet belongs to BMS n | |
C_L1: Low threshold is represented by Criticality level (L1). | |
C_L2: Low threshold is represented by Criticality level (L2). | |
Input | |
Classification of the low threshold values into L1 and L2. L1 is more critical as it approaches towards zero value as compared to L2 which is far away from L1 value. | |
Process | |
START | |
1. ← | |
2. for (each BMS transmit Th_Val belongs to Low) do | |
3. then | |
4. | |
5. Low_Th_Vals && ∈ ) == ← S () && ← S () | |
6. else > ← S () && ← S () | |
7. else ← S () && ← S () | |
8. else ← S () && ← S () | |
9. == ←S () && ←S () | |
10. else > ←S () && ← S () | |
11. else ←S () && ← S () | |
12. else ←S () && ← S () | |
13. == ← S () && ← S () | |
14. else > ← S () && ← S () | |
15. else ← S () && ← S () | |
16. else ← S () && ← S () | |
17. == ← S () && ← S () | |
18. else > ← S () && ← S () | |
19. else ← S () && ← S () | |
20. else ( ← S () && ← S () | |
else Go to sleep or monitor the vital sign | |
END | |
Output: Allocation of CLTTS slots to low threshold values based on the criticalities of vital signs |
3.6.2. Explanation of Steps of LT_VSCAS Algorithm
3.6.3. High Threshold Vital Signs Criticalities-Based Adaptive Slot Allocation
Algorithm 3. (HT-VSCAS): The body coordinator calculates the criticalities of high threshold values and assigns CHTTS slots on the priority-basis to vital signs. | |
Notations | |
Vital_signs_Monitor: vital signs of a patient. | |
TH_Val: Threshold values of a vital sign | |
BMSm… + in: Number of different BMSs to monitor vital signs of a patient. | |
BC: Body Coordinator who is responsible for the allocation of CHTTS slots. | |
EB_High: Emergency beacon for High threshold values to receive alerts during emergency situation. | |
CHTTS: “critical high threshold transfer slots” designated to allocate during transmission of high threshold values. | |
G_Ea: Earlier generation time of detection of threshold value. | |
G_Re: Recently generation time of detection of threshold value. | |
PktS: The packet size of the detected vital sign. | |
BC_Allc_CHTTS: The body Coordinator allocates CHTTS slots to sensors of detected high threshold values. | |
PKts_m: the data packet belongs to BMS m | |
PKts_n: the data packet belongs to BMS n | |
C_H1: High threshold represents by Criticality level (H1) as it is more critical as compared to H2. | |
C_H2: High threshold represents by Criticality level (H2). | |
Input | |
Classification of the High threshold values in H1 and H2. H1 contains more critical data as compared to H2 because the ranges of H1 is greater than H2. | |
Process | |
START | |
1. ← | |
2. for (each BMS transmit Th_Val belongs to high) do | |
3. then | |
4. | |
5. | |
6. High_Th_Val && ∈ ) | |
7. ← S () && ← S () | |
8. else > ← S () && ← S () | |
9.else ← S () && ← S () | |
10. else = = ← S () && ← S () | |
11. else = = ← S () && ← S () | |
12. else > ← S () && ← S () | |
13. else ← S () && ← S ( ) | |
14. else = = ← S () && ← S () | |
15. else = = ← S () && ← S () | |
16. else > ← S () && ← S () | |
17. else ← S () && ← S () | |
18. else = = ← S () && ← S () | |
19. else = = ← S () && ← S () | |
20. else > ( ← S () && ← S () | |
21. else < ( ← S () && ← S () | |
22. else = = ( ← S () && ← S () | |
else Go to sleep or monitor the vital sign | |
end for | |
END | |
Output: Allocation of CHTTS slots to high threshold values based on the criticalities of vital signs |
3.6.4. Explanation of Steps of HT_VSCAS Algorithm
3.6.5. Complexity Analysis of LT_VSCAS and HT_VSCAS Algorithms
4. Performance Evaluation
4.1. Evaluation of ReCAL-CSMA/CA
4.2. Comparative Evaluation
4.2.1. Analysis of Packet Delivery Delay
4.2.2. Analysis of Delivery Delay for Delay Driven Packets
4.2.3. Analysis of Throughput
4.2.4. Analysis of Energy Consumption
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vital Sign | Normal Values | Low Values | High Values | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low1 (L1) | Low2 (L2) | High1 (H1) | High2 (H2) | ||
HR | 51–119 beats/min | 0–25 beats/min | 26–50 beats/min | 141–180 beats/min | 120–140 beats/min |
RR | 12–19 breaths/min | 0–6 breaths/min | 7–11 breaths/min | 41–60 breaths/min | 20–40 breaths/min |
BP (Systolic/Diastolic) mm Hg | (90–120)/(60–80) | (70–90)/(40–60) | (140–190)/(90–100) | ||
Temperature | 37 °C | N/A | 40 °C & above | 38 °C to 39.9 °C |
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Operating Carrier Frequency | 2.4 GHz | aBaseSlot_Duration | 60 symbols |
Channel Rate | 250 kbps | Sending Data Rates | 20 kbps |
Number of channels in the proposed TraySL-MAC and PLA-MAC Superframe structure | 128 | MAC Payload size | 1920 bytes |
Number of channels in IEEE 802.15.4 and LTDA-MAC | 16 and 32 | Buffer size of the Body Coordinator | 2000 bytes |
BO set for all MAC protocols | 10 | Buffer size of a BMS | 1920 bytes |
SO set for all MAC protocols | 9 | Max PHY Packet Size | 127 bytes |
A Slot Duration | 1.536 s | TurnaroundTime | 12 Symbols |
CCA Time | 8 symbols | UnitBackoffPeriod | 20 symbols |
Max Frame Retries | 4 | macAckWaitDuration | 54 |
Carrier sense sensitivity | −97 mW | macMinBE—for Standard IEEE 802.15.4 | 3 |
Receiver sense sensitivity | −97 mW | BI in seconds | 393.216 s |
Time of Superframe Duration (SD) | 196.608 s | BI in Symbols | 7864320 symbols |
Low data generation rate | 0.5 ms | Data generation rate | 1.5 ms |
Traffic Type | CBR | Power Consumed in Sleep state | 0.005 mW |
Power Consumed in Transmission state | 27–220 mW | Power Consumed in Receive state | 1.8 mW |
Duration of Turn-On radio to Transmit/Receive data | 0.8 ms | Power required for radio to switch from transmitting state to receive state & vice versa | 0.4 ms |
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Share and Cite
Ullah, F.; Abdullah, A.H.; Kaiwartya, O.; Arshad, M.M. Traffic Priority-Aware Adaptive Slot Allocation for Medium Access Control Protocol in Wireless Body Area Network. Computers 2017, 6, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers6010009
Ullah F, Abdullah AH, Kaiwartya O, Arshad MM. Traffic Priority-Aware Adaptive Slot Allocation for Medium Access Control Protocol in Wireless Body Area Network. Computers. 2017; 6(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers6010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleUllah, Fasee, Abdul Hanan Abdullah, Omprakash Kaiwartya, and Marina Md Arshad. 2017. "Traffic Priority-Aware Adaptive Slot Allocation for Medium Access Control Protocol in Wireless Body Area Network" Computers 6, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers6010009
APA StyleUllah, F., Abdullah, A. H., Kaiwartya, O., & Arshad, M. M. (2017). Traffic Priority-Aware Adaptive Slot Allocation for Medium Access Control Protocol in Wireless Body Area Network. Computers, 6(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers6010009