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Review

ChatGPT’s Expanding Horizons and Transformative Impact Across Domains: A Critical Review of Capabilities, Challenges, and Future Directions

by
Taiwo Raphael Feyijimi
1,*,
John Ogbeleakhu Aliu
2,*,
Ayodeji Emmanuel Oke
3 and
Douglas Omoregie Aghimien
4
1
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Engineering Education Transformations Institute (EETI), College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
2
Engineering Education Transformations Institute (EETI), College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
3
Research Group on Sustainable Infrastructure Management Plus (RG-SIM+), Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure 340110, Ondo State, Nigeria
4
Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Computers 2025, 14(9), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090366
Submission received: 3 July 2025 / Revised: 14 August 2025 / Accepted: 20 August 2025 / Published: 2 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Large Language Modelling)

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) marks a pivotal moment in artificial intelligence, eliciting responses from academic shock to industrial awe. As these technologies advance from passive tools toward proactive, agentic systems, their transformative potential and inherent risks are magnified globally. This paper presents a comprehensive, critical review of ChatGPT’s impact across five key domains: natural language understanding (NLU), content generation, knowledge discovery, education, and engineering. While ChatGPT demonstrates profound capabilities, significant challenges remain in factual accuracy, bias, and the inherent opacity of its reasoning—a core issue termed the “Black Box Conundrum”. To analyze these evolving dynamics and the implications of this shift toward autonomous agency, this review introduces a series of conceptual frameworks, each specifically designed to illuminate the complex interactions and trade-offs within these domains: the “Specialization vs. Generalization” tension in NLU; the “Quality–Scalability–Ethics Trilemma” in content creation; the “Pedagogical Adaptation Imperative” in education; and the emergence of “Human–LLM Cognitive Symbiosis” in engineering. The analysis reveals an urgent need for proactive adaptation across sectors. Educational paradigms must shift to cultivate higher-order cognitive skills, while professional practices (including practices within education sector) must evolve to treat AI as a cognitive partner, leveraging techniques like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and sophisticated prompt engineering. Ultimately, this paper argues for an overarching “Ethical–Technical Co-evolution Imperative”, charting a forward-looking research agenda that intertwines technological innovation with vigorous ethical and methodological standards to ensure responsible AI development and integration. Ultimately, the analysis reveals that the challenges of factual accuracy, bias, and opacity are interconnected and acutely magnified by the emergence of agentic systems, demanding a unified, proactive approach to adaptation across all sectors.
Keywords: ChatGPT; large language models (LLMs); natural language understanding (NLU); content generation; agentic AI; human–AI symbiosis; education; engineering; ethical considerations ChatGPT; large language models (LLMs); natural language understanding (NLU); content generation; agentic AI; human–AI symbiosis; education; engineering; ethical considerations

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Feyijimi, T.R.; Aliu, J.O.; Oke, A.E.; Aghimien, D.O. ChatGPT’s Expanding Horizons and Transformative Impact Across Domains: A Critical Review of Capabilities, Challenges, and Future Directions. Computers 2025, 14, 366. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090366

AMA Style

Feyijimi TR, Aliu JO, Oke AE, Aghimien DO. ChatGPT’s Expanding Horizons and Transformative Impact Across Domains: A Critical Review of Capabilities, Challenges, and Future Directions. Computers. 2025; 14(9):366. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090366

Chicago/Turabian Style

Feyijimi, Taiwo Raphael, John Ogbeleakhu Aliu, Ayodeji Emmanuel Oke, and Douglas Omoregie Aghimien. 2025. "ChatGPT’s Expanding Horizons and Transformative Impact Across Domains: A Critical Review of Capabilities, Challenges, and Future Directions" Computers 14, no. 9: 366. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090366

APA Style

Feyijimi, T. R., Aliu, J. O., Oke, A. E., & Aghimien, D. O. (2025). ChatGPT’s Expanding Horizons and Transformative Impact Across Domains: A Critical Review of Capabilities, Challenges, and Future Directions. Computers, 14(9), 366. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090366

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