Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Their Characteristics and Their Roles in Tumor Growth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of CAFs
2.1. Markers of CAFs
Positive Marker | Negative Marker |
---|---|
α-SMA | Cytokeratin |
Fibroblast activation protein | CD31 |
tenascin-C | |
periostin | |
Neuron glial antigen-2 | |
Vimentin | |
Desmin | |
Platelet derived growth factor receptor | |
Fibroblast specific protein-1 |
2.2. Heterogeneity and Origins of CAFs
2.2.1. Resident Fibroblasts
2.2.2. Adipocytes
2.2.3. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) and Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC)
2.2.4. Epithelial Cells: Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
2.2.5. Endothelial Cells: Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT)
3. The Role of CAFs
3.1. Tumor-Stroma Interaction
3.2. Angiogenesis
3.2.1. VEGF
3.2.2. Other Angiogenic Factors: PDGF, FGF, and SDF-1
3.3. Metabolism of CAFs: the Warburg Effect and Reverse Warburg Effect
3.4. Chemoresistance
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CAFs | cancer-associated fibroblasts |
IL-6 | interleukin-6 |
α-SMA | α-smooth muscle actin |
FAP | fibroblast activation protein |
NG2 | neuron glial antigen-2 |
PDGFR | platelet derived growth factor receptor |
FSP-1 | fibroblast specific protein-1 |
EMT | epithelial- mesenchymal transition |
EndMT | endothelial-mesenchymal transition |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
HIF | hypoxia-inducible factor |
BM-MSCs | bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells |
TGFβ-1 | transforming growth factor-β1 |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
ASCs | adipose tissue-derived stem cells |
CAAs | cancer associated adipocytes |
MSC | mesenchymal stem cell |
HSC | hematopoietic stem cell |
OPN | osteopontin |
MZF1 | myeloid zinc finger 1 |
EGFP | enhanced green fluorescent protein |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
SDF-1 | stromal-cell-derived factor 1 |
MMP | matrix metalloproteinase |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
VEGF | vascular endothelial growth factor |
FGF | fibroblast growth factor |
PDGF | platelet-derived growth factor |
IGF | insulin-like growth factor |
STC-1 | glycoprotein stanniocalcin-1 |
mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
SFM-DR | soluble factor-mediated drug resistance |
CAM-DR | cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance |
HGF | hepatocyte growth factor |
EGFR | epidermal growth factor receptor |
CSCs | cancer stem cells |
CICs | cancer-initiating cells |
IFP | interstitial fluid pressure |
HMGB1 | high mobility group box 1 |
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Shiga, K.; Hara, M.; Nagasaki, T.; Sato, T.; Takahashi, H.; Takeyama, H. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Their Characteristics and Their Roles in Tumor Growth. Cancers 2015, 7, 2443-2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers7040902
Shiga K, Hara M, Nagasaki T, Sato T, Takahashi H, Takeyama H. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Their Characteristics and Their Roles in Tumor Growth. Cancers. 2015; 7(4):2443-2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers7040902
Chicago/Turabian StyleShiga, Kazuyoshi, Masayasu Hara, Takaya Nagasaki, Takafumi Sato, Hiroki Takahashi, and Hiromitsu Takeyama. 2015. "Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Their Characteristics and Their Roles in Tumor Growth" Cancers 7, no. 4: 2443-2458. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers7040902