Does a Transcriptionally Active HPV Infection Affect the Invasiveness of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors? A Case Series Study of 60 Patients in Krakow, Poland
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Population
2.2. Materials
2.3. DNA Extraction
2.4. HPV Genotyping Assay
2.5. Immunohistochemical P16 Staining
2.6. Identification of a Transcriptionally Active HPV Infection
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Patient Group
3.2. The Prevalence of HPV DNA
3.3. Immunoexpression of P16
3.4. Transcriptionally Active Infection of hrHPV
3.5. Multivariate Logistic Regression (Full) Models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | No. | Percent | Missing |
---|---|---|---|
All patients | 60 | 100.0 | |
Age [years] | |||
≥61.0 * | 30 | 50.0 | |
<61.0 | 30 | 50.0 | |
Gender | |||
Male | 35 | 58.3 | |
Female | 25 | 41.7 | |
Histopathology | |||
Gonadotroph | 37 | 61.7 | |
Corticotroph | 8 | 13.3 | |
Null-cell adenoma | 5 | 8.3 | |
Multiple synchronous PITNETs | 2 | 3.3 | |
Lactotroph | 2 | 3.3 | |
Immature PIT-1-lineage PITNETs | 3 | 5.0 | |
Thyrotroph | 1 | 1.7 | |
Plurihormonal PITNETs | 2 | 3.3 | |
Knosp scale | |||
1 + 2 | 25 | 43.1 | |
3 + 4 | 33 | 55.9 | 2 |
Hardy scale | |||
1 + 2 | 10 | 17.2 | |
3 + 4 | 48 | 87.5 | 2 |
Hormonal activity | |||
Yes | 10 | 16.7 | |
No | 50 | 83.3 | |
PIT-1 overexpression | |||
Yes | 11 | 18.3 | |
No | 49 | 81.7 | |
TPIT overexpression | |||
Yes | 9 | 15.5 | |
No | 49 | 84.5 | 2 |
SFF-1 overexpression | |||
Yes | 43 | 71.4 | |
No | 15 | 25.9 | 2 |
AP [mm] ** | |||
≥20.0 * | 25 | 42.4 | |
<20.0 | 34 | 57.6 | 1 |
ML [mm] ** | |||
≥25.0 * | 26 | 44.1 | |
<25.0 | 33 | 55.9 | 1 |
CC [mm] ** | |||
≥23.0 * | 28 | 47.5 | |
<23.0 | 31 | 52.5 | 1 |
Max. tumor diameter [mm] ** | |||
≥26.0 * | 28 | 47.5 | |
<26.0 | 31 | 52.5 | 1 |
Tumor volume [cm3] | |||
≥5.2 * | 26 | 45.6 | |
<5.2 | 31 | 54.4 | 3 |
Characteristics | Knosp Scale | p-Value | Hardy Scale | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Invasive | Invasive | Non-Invasive | Invasive | |||||||
No. | Percent | No. | Percent | No. | Percent | No. | Percent | |||
Age [years] | ||||||||||
≥61 | 12 | 41.4 | 17 | 58.6 | 0.791 | 5 | 17.2 | 24 | 82.8 | 1.000 |
<61 | 13 | 44.8 | 16 | 55.2 | 5 | 17.2 | 24 | 82.8 | ||
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 16 | 48.5 | 17 | 51.5 | 0.342 | 6 | 18.2 | 27 | 81.8 | 0.827 |
Female | 9 | 36.0 | 16 | 64.0 | 4 | 16.0 | 21 | 84.0 | ||
Histopathology | ||||||||||
Gonadotroph | 16 | 43.2 | 21 | 56.8 | 0.642 | 5 | 13.5 | 32 | 86.5 | 0.072 |
Corticotroph | 3 | 42.9 | 4 | 57.1 | 2 | 28.6 | 5 | 71.4 | ||
Null-cell adenoma | 2 | 50.0 | 2 | 50.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 100.0 | ||
Multiple synchronous PITNETs | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | ||
Lactotroph | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Immature PIT 1-lineage PITNETs | 1 | 33.3 | 2 | 66.7 | 1 | 33.3 | 2 | 66.7 | ||
Thyrotroph | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | ||
Plurihormonal PITNETs | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | ||
Hormonal activity | ||||||||||
Yes | 4 | 40.0 | 6 | 60.0 | 0.827 | 3 | 30.0 | 7 | 70.0 | 0.475 |
No | 21 | 43.7 | 27 | 56.3 | 7 | 14.6 | 41 | 85.4 | ||
PIT-1 overexpression | ||||||||||
Yes | 3 | 30.0 | 7 | 70.0 | 0.358 | 3 | 30.0 | 7 | 70.0 | 0.475 |
No | 22 | 45.8 | 26 | 54.2 | 7 | 14.6 | 41 | 85.4 | ||
TPIT overexpression | ||||||||||
Yes | 3 | 42.9 | 4 | 57.1 | 1.000 | 2 | 28.6 | 5 | 71.4 | 0.336 |
No | 21 | 42.9 | 28 | 57.1 | 7 | 14.3 | 42 | 85.7 | ||
SFF1 overexpression | ||||||||||
Yes | 17 | 40.5 | 25 | 59.5 | 0.875 | 5 | 11.9 | 37 | 88.1 | 0.378 |
No | 6 | 42.9 | 8 | 57.1 | 3 | 21.4 | 11 | 78.6 | ||
AP [mm] | ||||||||||
≥20 * | 6 | 25.0 | 18 | 75.0 | 0.019 | 0 | 0.0 | 24 | 100.0 | 0.003 |
<20 | 19 | 55.9 | 15 | 44.1 | 10 | 29.4 | 24 | 70.6 | ||
ML [mm] | ||||||||||
≥25.0 * | 7 | 28.0 | 18 | 72.0 | 0.043 | 0 | 0.0 | 25 | 100.0 | 0.002 |
<25.0 | 18 | 54.6 | 15 | 45.4 | 10 | 30.3 | 23 | 69.7 | ||
CC [mm] | ||||||||||
≥23.0 * | 8 | 29.6 | 19 | 70.4 | 0.053 | 1 | 3.7 | 26 | 96.3 | 0.011 |
<23.0 | 17 | 54.8 | 14 | 54.2 | 9 | 29.0 | 22 | 71.0 | ||
Max tumor diameter [mm] | ||||||||||
≥26.0 * | 9 | 32.1 | 19 | 67.9 | 0.103 | 1 | 3.6 | 27 | 96.4 | 0.008 |
<26.0 | 16 | 53.3 | 14 | 46.7 | 9 | 30.0 | 21 | 70.0 | ||
Tumor volume [cm3] | ||||||||||
≥5.2 * | 8 | 28.6 | 20 | 71.4 | 0.022 | 1 | 3.6 | 27 | 96.4 | 0.006 |
<5.2 | 17 | 58.6 | 12 | 41.4 | 9 | 31.0 | 20 | 69.0 |
HPV Genotype | No. | Percent |
---|---|---|
DNA of high-risk HPV | ||
All hrHPV | 13 | 21.7 |
Single infection of HPV16 | 7 | 53.8 |
Infection of HPV16 + one or more of the following genotypes: HPV31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 | 1 | 7.7 |
Infection of HPV18 + one or more of the following genotypes: HPV31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 | 1 | 7.7 |
Infection only with one or more of the following genotypes: HPV31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 | 4 | 30.8 |
DNA of low-risk HPV | ||
All lrHPV | 26 | 43.3 |
Infection with HPV6 and/or HPV11 only | 2 | 7.7 |
Infection with one or more of the following genotypes: HPV40, 42, 43, 44, 55, 83 only | 4 | 15.4 |
Infection with one or more of the following genotypes: HPV26, 53, 67, 70, 73, 82 only | 14 | 53.9 |
Infection with HPV6 and/or HPV11 and infection with one or more of the following genotypes: HPV40, 42, 43, 44, 55, 83 | 3 | 11.5 |
Infection with HPV6 and/or HPV11 and infection with one or more of the following genotypes: HPV26, 53, 67, 70, 73, 82 | 3 | 11.5 |
Characteristic | Hr HPV DNA Positivity | P16 Overexpression | Transcriptionally Active hrHPV Infection | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | p-Value | Yes | No | p-Value | Yes | No | p-Value | |||||||
No. | Percent | No. | Percent | No. | Percent | No. | Percent | No. | Percent | No. | Percent | ||||
All patients | 13 | 21.7 | 47 | 78.3 | 39 | 65.0 | 21 | 35.0 | 11 | 18.3 | 49 | 81.7 | |||
Age [years] | |||||||||||||||
≥61 * | 6 | 20.0 | 24 | 80.0 | 0.754 | 19 | 63.3 | 11 | 36.7 | 0.787 | 4 | 13.3 | 26 | 86.7 | 0.317 |
<61 | 7 | 23.3 | 23 | 76.7 | 20 | 66.7 | 10 | 33.3 | 7 | 23.3 | 23 | 76.7 | |||
Gender | |||||||||||||||
Male | 6 | 17.1 | 29 | 82.9 | 0.314 | 22 | 62.9 | 13 | 37.1 | 0.681 | 5 | 14.3 | 30 | 85.7 | 0.338 |
Female | 7 | 28.0 | 18 | 72.0 | 17 | 68.0 | 8 | 32.0 | 6 | 24.0 | 19 | 76.0 | |||
Histopathology | |||||||||||||||
Gonadotroph | 6 | 16.2 | 31 | 83.8 | 0.772 | 23 | 62.2 | 14 | 37.8 | 0.743 | 5 | 13.5 | 32 | 86.5 | 0.604 |
Corticotroph | 2 | 25.0 | 6 | 75.0 | 6 | 75.0 | 2 | 25.0 | 1 | 12.5 | 7 | 87.5 | |||
Null-cell adenoma | 1 | 20.0 | 4 | 80.0 | 4 | 80.0 | 1 | 20.0 | 1 | 20.0 | 4 | 80.0 | |||
Multiple synchronous PITNETs | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | |||
Lactotroph | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | |||
Immature PITT-lineage PITNETs | 1 | 33.3 | 2 | 66.7 | 1 | 33.3 | 2 | 66.7 | 1 | 33.3 | 2 | 66.7 | |||
Thyrotroph | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | |||
Plurihormonal PITNETs | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | |||
Hormonal activity | |||||||||||||||
Yes | 4 | 40.0 | 6 | 60.0 | 0.123 | 8 | 80.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 0.276 | 4 | 40.0 | 6 | 60.0 | 0.052 |
No | 9 | 18.0 | 41 | 82.0 | 31 | 62.0 | 19 | 38.0 | 7 | 14.0 | 43 | 86.0 | |||
Knosp scale | |||||||||||||||
1 + 2 | 10 | 40.0 | 15 | 60.0 | 0.005 | 16 | 64.0 | 9 | 36.0 | 0.977 | 9 | 36.0 | 16 | 64.0 | 0.004 |
3 + 4 | 3 | 9.1 | 20 | 90.0 | 21 | 63.6 | 12 | 36.4 | 2 | 6.1 | 31 | 93.4 | |||
Hardy scale | |||||||||||||||
1 + 2 | 5 | 50.0 | 5 | 50.0 | 0.021 | 8 | 80.0 | 2 | 20.0 | 0.241 | 5 | 50.0 | 5 | 50.0 | 0.006 |
3 + 4 | 8 | 16.7 | 40 | 83.3 | 29 | 60.4 | 19 | 39.6 | 6 | 12.5 | 42 | 87.5 | |||
PIT-1 overexpression | |||||||||||||||
Yes | 3 | 27.3 | 8 | 72.7 | 0.617 | 7 | 63.6 | 4 | 36.4 | 0.916 | 3 | 27.3 | 8 | 72.7 | 0.397 |
No | 10 | 20.4 | 39 | 79.6 | 32 | 65.3 | 17 | 34.7 | 8 | 16.3 | 41 | 83.7 | |||
TPIT overexpression | |||||||||||||||
Yes | 2 | 22.2 | 7 | 77.8 | 0.988 | 7 | 77.8 | 2 | 22.2 | 0.400 | 1 | 11.1 | 8 | 88.9 | 0.513 |
No | 11 | 22.5 | 38 | 77.5 | 31 | 63.3 | 18 | 36.7 | 10 | 20.4 | 39 | 79.6 | |||
SFF-1 overexpression | |||||||||||||||
Yes | 8 | 18.6 | 35 | 81.4 | 0.507 | 27 | 62.8 | 16 | 37.2 | 0.460 | 7 | 16.3 | 36 | 83.7 | 0.743 |
No | 4 | 26.7 | 11 | 73.3 | 11 | 73.3 | 4 | 26.7 | 3 | 20.0 | 12 | 80.0 | |||
AP {mm] | |||||||||||||||
≥20 * | 3 | 12.0 | 22 | 88.0 | 0.111 | 15 | 60.0 | 10 | 40.0 | 0.544 | 1 | 4.0 | 24 | 96.0 | 0.013 |
<20 | 10 | 29.4 | 24 | 70.6 | 23 | 67.6 | 11 | 32.4 | 10 | 29.4 | 24 | 70.6 | |||
ML [mL] | |||||||||||||||
≥25.0 * | 3 | 11.5 | 23 | 88.5 | 0.084 | 16 | 61.5 | 10 | 38.5 | 0.683 | 2 | 7.7 | 24 | 92.3 | 0.055 |
<25.0 | 10 | 30.3 | 23 | 69.7 | 22 | 66.7 | 11 | 33.3 | 9 | 27.3 | 24 | 72.7 | |||
CC [mm] | |||||||||||||||
≥23.0 * | 3 | 10.7 | 25 | 89.3 | 0.046 | 16 | 57.1 | 12 | 42.9 | 0.269 | 2 | 7.1 | 26 | 92.9 | 0.031 |
<23.0 * | 10 | 32.3 | 21 | 67.4 | 22 | 71.0 | 9 | 29.0 | 9 | 29.0 | 22 | 71.0 | |||
Max tumor diameter [mm] | |||||||||||||||
≥26.0 * | 3 | 10.3 | 26 | 89.7 | 0.033 | 17 | 58.6 | 12 | 41.4 | 0.361 | 2 | 6.9 | 27 | 93.1 | 0.023 |
<26.0 | 10 | 33.3 | 20 | 66.7 | 21 | 70.0 | 9 | 30.0 | 9 | 30.0 | 21 | 70.0 | |||
Tumor volume [cm3] | |||||||||||||||
≥5.2 * | 3 | 10.7 | 25 | 89.3 | 0.032 | 17 | 60.7 | 11 | 39.3 | 0.514 | 2 | 7.1 | 26 | 92.9 | 0.022 |
<5.2 | 10 | 34.5 | 19 | 65.5 | 20 | 69.0 | 9 | 31.0 | 9 | 31.0 | 20 | 69.0 |
Age [Years] | Gender | Type of PITNET | Knosp Scale | Hardy Scale | Hormonal Activity | PIT-1 Overexpression | TPIT Overexpression | SFF-1 Overexpression | AP [mm] | ML [mm] | CC [mm] | Volume [cm3] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
64 | M | Multiple synchronous | 4 | 4E | Yes | No | No | Yes | 40.0 | 37.0 | 45.0 | 33.0 |
43 | F | Lactotroph | 1 | 2A | Yes | No | Yes | No | 12.0 | 23.0 | 10.0 | 1.4 |
62 | F | Immature PIT-1 | 1 | 2A | Yes | No | No | Yes | 12.5 | 20.0 | 14.0 | 1.6 |
51 | M | Gonadotroph | 2 | 3D | No | No | Yes | No | 19.5 | 27.0 | 28.0 | 6.5 |
57 | F | Null-cell adenoma | 2 | 2B | No | No | No | No | 14.0 | 14.0 | 17.5 | 2.1 |
53 | F | Gonadotroph | 1 | 2B | No | No | No | Yes | 18.0 | 20.0 | 21.5 | 5.0 |
74 | M | Gonadotroph | 2 | 2B | No | No | No | Yes | 18.5 | 19.0 | 22.5 | 3.2 |
73 | M | Gonadotroph | 1 | 2B | No | No | No | Yes | 14.5 | 19.0 | 16.0 | 2.1 |
38 | F | Corticotroph | 1 | 1A | No | Yes | No | No data | 4.5 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 0.8 |
58 | M | Gonadotroph | 1 | 2A | No | No | No | Yes | 13.0 | 21.0 | 13.0 | 1.2 |
52 | F | Mature PIT1 | 3B | 4D | No | No | Yes | Yes | 17.0 | 18.0 | 23.0 | 4.0 |
Invasiveness | Characteristics | Crude OR | Adjusted OR (Full Model) * | Adjusted OR (Final Model) ** | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Knosp scale | Transcriptionally active hrHPV infection | 0.11 (0.02; 0.60) | 0.01 | 0.03 (0.00; 0.48) | 0.01 | 0.11 (0.02; 0.58) | 0.01 |
Wald test, p-value = 0.32 | Wald test, p-value = 0.01 | ||||||
AIC = 75.7 | AIC = 71.7 | ||||||
Cox–Snell R2 = 0.23 | Cox–Snell R2 = 0.14 | ||||||
Nagelkerke R = 0.31 | Nagelkerke R = 0.19 | ||||||
Hardy scale | Transcriptionally active hrHPV infection | 0.14 (0.03; 0.64) | 0.01 | 0.06 (0.01; 0.44) | 0.01 | 0.12 (0.02; 0.56) | 0.01 |
Wald test, p-value = 0.20 | Wald test, p-value = 0.01 | ||||||
AIC = 52.9 | AIC = 46.2 | ||||||
Cox–Snell R2 = 0.17 | Cox–Snell R2 = 0.12 | ||||||
Nagelkerke R = 0.29 | Nagelkerke R = 0.21 |
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Krzentowska, A.; Biesaga, B.; Czepko, R.; Adamek, D.; Merklinger-Gruchała, A.; Gołkowski, F. Does a Transcriptionally Active HPV Infection Affect the Invasiveness of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors? A Case Series Study of 60 Patients in Krakow, Poland. Cancers 2025, 17, 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040684
Krzentowska A, Biesaga B, Czepko R, Adamek D, Merklinger-Gruchała A, Gołkowski F. Does a Transcriptionally Active HPV Infection Affect the Invasiveness of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors? A Case Series Study of 60 Patients in Krakow, Poland. Cancers. 2025; 17(4):684. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040684
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrzentowska, Anna, Beata Biesaga, Ryszard Czepko, Dariusz Adamek, Anna Merklinger-Gruchała, and Filip Gołkowski. 2025. "Does a Transcriptionally Active HPV Infection Affect the Invasiveness of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors? A Case Series Study of 60 Patients in Krakow, Poland" Cancers 17, no. 4: 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040684
APA StyleKrzentowska, A., Biesaga, B., Czepko, R., Adamek, D., Merklinger-Gruchała, A., & Gołkowski, F. (2025). Does a Transcriptionally Active HPV Infection Affect the Invasiveness of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors? A Case Series Study of 60 Patients in Krakow, Poland. Cancers, 17(4), 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040684