A Perspective Review: Analyzing Collagen Alterations in Ovarian Cancer by High-Resolution Optical Microscopy
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Imaging Extracellular Matrix ECM Alterations in Ovarian Cancer
2.1. Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) Microscopy of Ex Vivo Tissues
2.1.1. Collagen Fiber Morphology
Tumors in the Ovary
Collagen Reorganization in Early HGSOC Precursor Lesions
2.1.2. Analysis of Sub-Resolution Features
Analysis of Macro/Supramolecular Structure
Analysis of Fibril Size and Packing
2.2. Multimodal Imaging Modalities Approaches
Combined SHG/MPM and MPM/OCT
2.3. Optical Scattering and Inverse Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography (ISOCT)
2.4. In Vivo Imaging Developments
2.5. SHG Image-Based Models
3. Future Directions/Perspectives
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Imaging Technique | How It Works | Measurements | Advantages | Disadvantages | Setting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Second Harmonic Generations (SHG) Microscopy | Nonlinear coherent up-conversion of two lower-energy photons into one higher energy photon | Collagen fibril/fiber organization in tissues | -No exogenous dyes needed -Detects inherent fluorescence of collagen molecule -High-resolution images of collagen fibers | -Transparent to cells -Specific to collagen I, cannot detect other collagen types or other ECM proteins -Signal dependent on collagen density | Mouse, pre-clinical |
Multiphoton Fluorescence Microscopy (MPM) | Laser scanning + long wavelength excitation | Biological processes in living cells and tissues | -Low negative impact on cell/tissue viability -Provides 3-dimensional view -Near-infrared excitation allows for deep penetration into biological specimen | -Limited sensitivity, excitation occurs only at focal point of microscope -Must use fluorophores to tag molecule(s) of interest | Mouse, pre-clinical |
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) | Coherent backscattered light from bulk tissue sample | Cross-sectional tissue morphology | -Provides overview of tissue architecture | -1–10 µm microscopic resolution -Cannot detect nanoscale structures (i.e., microvasculature alterations such as collagen alterations) | Mouse, pre-clinical, clinical (eye) |
Inverse Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography (ISOCT) | Tissue modeled as a medium with a continuously varying refractive index (RI) | Collagen, cellular content, biological media | -Sensitive to tissue ultrastructure, can provide quantitative information -detection range 30–450 nm -Can also be used to evaluate blood vessels | -Based solely on scattering properties of samples -The inverse of OCT measurements | Mouse, pre-clinical |
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Gant, K.L.; Patankar, M.S.; Campagnola, P.J. A Perspective Review: Analyzing Collagen Alterations in Ovarian Cancer by High-Resolution Optical Microscopy. Cancers 2024, 16, 1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16081560
Gant KL, Patankar MS, Campagnola PJ. A Perspective Review: Analyzing Collagen Alterations in Ovarian Cancer by High-Resolution Optical Microscopy. Cancers. 2024; 16(8):1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16081560
Chicago/Turabian StyleGant, Kristal L., Manish S. Patankar, and Paul J. Campagnola. 2024. "A Perspective Review: Analyzing Collagen Alterations in Ovarian Cancer by High-Resolution Optical Microscopy" Cancers 16, no. 8: 1560. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16081560