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Review

The Synergy of Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects in Hyperthermic Oncology

by
Carrie Anne Minnaar
1,
Gyula Peter Szigeti
2,3 and
Andras Szasz
4,*
1
Department of Radiation Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
2
John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Óbuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary
3
MedTech Innovation and Education Center, University Research and Innovation Center, Óbuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary
4
Department of Biotechnics, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2024, 16(23), 3908; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16233908
Submission received: 25 October 2024 / Revised: 15 November 2024 / Accepted: 18 November 2024 / Published: 21 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Methods and Technologies Development)

Simple Summary

Modulated electro-hyperthermia combines the thermal and non-thermal effects of an applied electromagnetic field. This synergy allows for the selection of malignant cells with a minimal load on healthy cells. The modulated radiofrequency induces immunogenic effects, which promote the targeting of malignant cells in the system by activating the circulating tumour-specific killer cells, thereby acting as a vaccination against the tumour.

Abstract

Background: Modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) is unique due to its combination of thermal and non-thermal effects. Method: This report summarizes the literature on the effects of mEHT observed in vitro and in vivo. Results: The thermal and electrical heterogeneity of tissues allows the radiofrequency signal to selectively target malignant tissue. The applied modulation appears to activate various apoptotic pathways, predominantly leading to immunogenic cell death (ICD). ICD promotes the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, potentially producing tumour-specific antigen-presenting cells. This abscopal-type effect may target distant metastases while treating the primary tumour locally. This immune memory effect is like vaccination mechanisms. Conclusions: The application of mEHT has the potential to expand from local to systemic disease, enabling the simultaneous treatment of micro- and macro-metastases.
Keywords: heterogenic heating; cellular selection; thermal processes; non-thermal actions; immunogenic cell death (ICD); damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP); abscopal effect; cancer vaccination heterogenic heating; cellular selection; thermal processes; non-thermal actions; immunogenic cell death (ICD); damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP); abscopal effect; cancer vaccination

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MDPI and ACS Style

Minnaar, C.A.; Szigeti, G.P.; Szasz, A. The Synergy of Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects in Hyperthermic Oncology. Cancers 2024, 16, 3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16233908

AMA Style

Minnaar CA, Szigeti GP, Szasz A. The Synergy of Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects in Hyperthermic Oncology. Cancers. 2024; 16(23):3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16233908

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minnaar, Carrie Anne, Gyula Peter Szigeti, and Andras Szasz. 2024. "The Synergy of Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects in Hyperthermic Oncology" Cancers 16, no. 23: 3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16233908

APA Style

Minnaar, C. A., Szigeti, G. P., & Szasz, A. (2024). The Synergy of Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects in Hyperthermic Oncology. Cancers, 16(23), 3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16233908

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