Gonadal Teratomas: A State-of-the-Art Review in Pathology
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
- (1)
- pluripotent germ cell theory, whereby teratomas are capable of differentiating into any cell of the organism by migrating according to Henson’s node, responsible for localization at the midline and paraxial [6];
- (2)
- theory of incomplete twinning or parasitic twin, according to which teratomas derive from the parasitic twin which is incorporated into the dominant twin during embryonic development, responsible for the intracranial, mediastinal, abdominal and sacrococcygeal localization [7];
- (3)
- theory of primitive germ cell migration, according to which teratomas migrate from the hindgut towards the genital ridges during embryonic development, responsible for localization to the pelvis and gonads [8].
2. Classification
- Gastric teratoma is very rare and only 102 cases have been described in the literature [24];
- Intracranial teratoma is rare and accounts for a greater than 2–4% of intracranial tumours in children [26];
- Cervical teratoma is very rare and accounts for only 1.5–5% of all teratomas [27];
- Other locations such as skin, parotid, vulva, perianal region, spinal canal, umbilical cord and placenta [3].
3. Materials and Methods
4. Gonadal Teratomas
4.1. Ovarian Teratomas
4.1.1. Mature Cystic Teratoma
4.1.2. Immature Ovarian Teratoma
4.1.3. Monodermal Ovarian Teratoma
4.2. Testicular Teratomas
4.2.1. Prepubertal Teratoma
4.2.2. Postpubertal Teratoma
4.2.3. Teratoma with Somatic-Type Transformation
4.2.4. MicroRNAs in Testicular Teratoma
4.3. Growing Teratoma Syndrome
4.4. Evaluation of Residual Disease Post-Chemotherapy
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Anatomic Location | Histological Features * | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gonadal teratomas | Extragonadal teratomas | Mature teratomas | Immature teratomas |
Ovarian Testicular | Most frequent locations: sacrococcygeal, mediastinal, gastric, retroperitoneal, intracranial and cervical Other less frequent localizations: skin, parotid, vulva, perianal region, spinal canal, umbilical cord and placenta | Well-differentiated tissues, such as varying degrees of skin with adnexa, various mucous membranes, exocrine glands as well as a variety of mesenchymal tissues | Undifferentiated tissues, such as neuroepithelial tissue, which exhibit atypia, a high mitotic count, or hypercellularity |
Classification by Norris and O’Connor | Low- and High-Grade Classification | |
---|---|---|
Grade 0 | mature tissue | |
Grade 1 | ≤1 low power field (40×) in a slide | low grade |
Grade 2 | 1–3 low power fields (40×) in a slide | high grade |
Grade 3 | >3 low power fields (40×) in a slide | high grade |
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Salzillo, C.; Imparato, A.; Fortarezza, F.; Maniglio, S.; Lucà, S.; La Verde, M.; Serio, G.; Marzullo, A. Gonadal Teratomas: A State-of-the-Art Review in Pathology. Cancers 2024, 16, 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16132412
Salzillo C, Imparato A, Fortarezza F, Maniglio S, Lucà S, La Verde M, Serio G, Marzullo A. Gonadal Teratomas: A State-of-the-Art Review in Pathology. Cancers. 2024; 16(13):2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16132412
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalzillo, Cecilia, Amalia Imparato, Francesco Fortarezza, Sonia Maniglio, Stefano Lucà, Marco La Verde, Gabriella Serio, and Andrea Marzullo. 2024. "Gonadal Teratomas: A State-of-the-Art Review in Pathology" Cancers 16, no. 13: 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16132412
APA StyleSalzillo, C., Imparato, A., Fortarezza, F., Maniglio, S., Lucà, S., La Verde, M., Serio, G., & Marzullo, A. (2024). Gonadal Teratomas: A State-of-the-Art Review in Pathology. Cancers, 16(13), 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16132412