Senescent Stromal Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Victims or Accomplices?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
- Which types of stromal cells undergo senescence in the TME and their corresponding biological changes?
- Which signals do tumor cells transmit to and receive from the senescent stromal cells?
- What is the role of infiltrated senescent immune cells in tumor development and progression?
- What is the role of senescent stromal cells to develop therapy resistance in the TME?
2. The Discovery of Senescent Stroma
2.1. Biomarkers of Senescent Cells
2.2. Evidence of the Occurrence of Cellular Senescence in Tumor Stroma
3. Formation of Senescent Stroma
3.1. The Influence of External Stimuli
3.2. The Induction from Senescent Cells in TME
3.3. Age-Associated Accumulation of Senescent Cells
4. SASP: A Function Arm of Cellular Senescence and a Complex Network of Signaling Pathways
5. How Senescent Stroma Promotes Tumor Progression
5.1. Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
5.2. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) and Cancer Stemness
5.3. Angiogenesis
5.4. ECM Remodeling and MMPs
6. Distant Metastasis: Distinct Niches Shaped by Senescent Stroma
7. Senescent Stroma and Immune Infiltration in the TME
7.1. Inflammation Induced by SASP
7.2. Immunosuppressive Cells: Assistant to the Progression of Malignancy
7.3. Senescent T Cells
8. Tumor Therapy Resistance Promoted by Senescent Stroma
9. Prospects
10. Conclusions
10.1. BOX1 CAFs, Myofibroblasts, and Senescent Fibroblasts: Unresolved Dispute
10.2. BOX2 “One-Two Punch” Therapy
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ye, M.; Huang, X.; Wu, Q.; Liu, F. Senescent Stromal Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Victims or Accomplices? Cancers 2023, 15, 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15071927
Ye M, Huang X, Wu Q, Liu F. Senescent Stromal Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Victims or Accomplices? Cancers. 2023; 15(7):1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15071927
Chicago/Turabian StyleYe, Minghan, Xinyi Huang, Qianju Wu, and Fei Liu. 2023. "Senescent Stromal Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Victims or Accomplices?" Cancers 15, no. 7: 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15071927