Next Article in Journal
Cardiac Dose Predicts the Response to Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Next Article in Special Issue
DNA Methylation Aberrations in Dimethylarsinic Acid-Induced Bladder Carcinogenesis
Previous Article in Journal
Inhibition of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (Alk) as Therapeutic Target to Improve Brain Function in Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Nf1)
Previous Article in Special Issue
Administration of Enfortumab Vedotin after Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor and the Prognosis in Japanese Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: A Large Database Study on Enfortumab Vedotin in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Cancers
Volume 15
Issue 18
10.3390/cancers15184578
cancers-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Role of IL-17A and IL-17RA in Prostate Cancer with Lymph Nodes Metastasis: Expression Patterns and Clinical Significance

by
Paweł Kiełb
1,*,
Maciej Kaczorowski
2,
Kamil Kowalczyk
1,
Aleksandra Piotrowska
3,
Łukasz Nowak
1,
Wojciech Krajewski
1,
Joanna Chorbińska
1,
Krzysztof Dudek
4,
Piotr Dzięgiel
3,
Agnieszka Hałoń
2,
Tomasz Szydełko
1 and
Bartosz Małkiewicz
1,*
1
University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
2
Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
3
Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
4
Center for Statistical Analysis, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 2-6, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2023, 15(18), 4578; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15184578
Submission received: 27 August 2023 / Revised: 5 September 2023 / Accepted: 13 September 2023 / Published: 15 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Urological Malignancies)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Simple Summary

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common type of cancer among men. The expression of IL-17A cytokine and its receptor IL-17RA may be used to predict the risk of aggressive prostate cancer. We examined the clinical data of 77 patients with PCa and lymph node metastasis (LN+) and then evaluated the levels of IL-17A and IL-17RA expression in the prostate and LN+. We found significant correlations between the investigated markers’ expression levels in examined tissues and clinical data, such as body mass index (BMI), the percentage of involved lymph nodes, or the European Association of Urology (EAU) risk group. The findings of this study suggest that IL-17A and IL-17RA may be useful in predicting the risk of aggressive prostate cancer; however, further studies are needed to determine their roles and potential clinical applications.

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer among men. The use of IL-17A and its receptor IL-17RA as prognostic markers for PCa has shown promising results. We analyzed the clinical data of 77 patients with PCa after radical prostatectomy with lymphadenectomy and lymph node metastasis (LN+). We assessed the expression levels of IL-17A and IL-17RA in cancer cells in prostate and, for the first time, also in LN+. Prostate IL-17A expression positively correlated with BMI (p = 0.028). In LN+, the expression of IL-17A was positively correlated with the percentage of affected lymph nodes (p = 0.006) and EAU risk groups (p = 0.001). Additionally, in the group with high IL-17A expression in LN+, the extracapsular extension (ECE) of the prostate was significantly more frequent (p = 0.033). Also, significant correlations with the level of IL-17RA expression was found—expression was higher in prostate than in LN+ (p = 0.009); in LN+, expression positively correlated with the EAU risk group (p = 0.045), and in the group of high expression in LN+ ECE of lymph nodes was detected significantly more often (p = 0.009). Our findings support the potential role of IL-17A and IL-17RA as PCa markers; however, further studies are needed to determine their roles and potential clinical applications.

1. Introduction

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in the male population and the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men worldwide [1]. Owing to longer life expectancies and the fact that PCa incidence increases with patient age, there will be an increase in the number of PCa patients. The impact on society’s health will be even greater than it is now [2]. Despite the availability of therapy protocols that are constantly being improved, selecting the best course of action for a particular patient is challenging and the outcome is unpredictable. This is because more accurate tools are still lacking for determining survival prognosis and the likelihood of progression or metastasis following primary PCa treatment. Lymph node metastases are a significant risk factor for PCa patients and have a significant negative effect on survival and the risk of recurrence after primary treatment. Through the selection of appropriate adjuvant therapy and more stringent follow-up after primary therapy, nodal metastases also have an impact on the therapeutic process in patients [3,4]. Despite intensive improvements in technology, lymphadenectomy persists as a superior method in comparison to the use of radiological imaging techniques for the detection of positive (metastatic) lymph nodes (LN+) [5,6]. Radical prostatectomy (RP) with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy is the gold standard for identifying LN+. However, this is an additional challenging step added to an already complex operation, that is, RP. It is important to emphasize that lymphadenectomy does not improve survival and greatly increases the risk of side effects (e.g., longer hospital stay, increased blood loss, and a higher probability of lymphocele development) [7]. Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy should be performed in patients with intermediate- and high-risk PCa in the absence of more precise techniques to assess the lymph node status [8].
Inflammation is considered an increasingly important factor in the pathogenesis of many cancers, including PCa [9]. The inflammatory response is a complex process involving many different cells of the immune system and the chemokines and cytokines produced by them. Active oxygen and nitrogen radicals formed during inflammation are believed to be responsible for the suppression of antitumor activity and stimulation of carcinogenesis [10,11]. This inflammatory response probably promotes the survival, proliferation, and spread of tumor cells [12,13]. This is particularly important for the formation of PCa metastases. Many studies have shown a link between prostatitis and increased risk of developing PCa. This relationship has been observed in relation to chronic and acute prostatitis [14,15,16]. In addition, the occurrence of inflammation (mainly chronic) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia increases the risk of developing PCa, especially high-grade tumors [17]. Some authors also indicate that the evidence of the significant role of the inflammatory process in the development of PCa are studies that have shown that the use of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce the risk of PCa [18,19].
Many different factors affect the treatment outcomes and prognosis of patients with PCa. This is due to the high heterogeneity of prostate tumors, which results in different treatment effects between patients. Currently, to determine the risk of progression, we rely on predictors such as the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level or the stage and histological grade of PCa determined in the prostate biopsy material. In recent years, research on potentially new markers that may complement these known predictors has been gaining increasing interest. Preliminary conclusions from these analyses of the expression of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers in PCa, such as IL-17A and its receptor IL-17RA, suggest their potential usefulness in the process of improving diagnostics, determining the risk of progression (including metastasis), and response to primary and adjuvant treatment. It should be noted, however, that despite promising results, there are still too few unambiguous studies confirming the usefulness of these potential new PCa prognostic markers in clinical practice [20]. Therefore, routine assessment of their expression is currently not recommended by the urological guidelines.
One of the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines is IL-17. It is secreted by various immune cells, including helper T 17 cells and NK cells. Its precise effect on cancer pathogenesis is still not fully understood. According to the existing evidence, IL-17 has been suggested to promote angiogenesis, inhibit cancer cell apoptosis, and enhance cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, it has been hypothesized that IL-17 affects the development of a microenvironment favorable for cancer growth and potential metastasis [21]. Research has shown that it promotes the growth of colorectal, breast, pancreatic, and PCa cancers [22]. IL-17 is a cytokine family comprising six ligands (IL-17A–IL-17F) and five receptors (IL-17RA–IL-17RE) [23]. In this study, we examined IL-17A and its receptor IL-17RA. However, it is unclear how IL-17 contributes to PCa pathogenesis. Various studies have shown an increased expression of IL-17A and IL-17RA receptor in PCa and BPH cells [24,25,26]. According to previous studies, IL-17 has a stimulatory effect on PCa growth and metastasis even under castration conditions [27,28,29]. The results of various studies on the expression of individual ligands and IL-17 receptors in PCa remain unclear. For instance, in a relatively recent study, an increased expression of IL-17 was observed in low-grade PCa and BPH, whereas no expression of the IL-17RA receptor was detected in the tested material [30].
In this study, we extensively investigated the expression of IL-17A and IL-17RA in PCa cells from primary tumor tissues and LN+. Our study is unique because it is the first to analyze the expression of IL-17A and IL-17RA in LN+. To evaluate the utilization of the investigated markers as potential new negative risk factors for PCa progression, we compared the obtained results with the clinical data of patients with LN+.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patients Selection

In this study, we included 77 patients with PCa who had lymph node metastases in the postoperative material. Between January 2012 and September 2018, all patients underwent RP with extended lymphadenectomy at the University Urology Center, Wroclaw, Poland. A retrospective clinical data analysis was performed on the study participants, and histopathological specimens collected during RP were selected for additional examination. An experienced uropathologist examined the selected specimens. The 2017 PCa Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) classification and the Gleason system were used to evaluate tumor stage and grade. Additionally, classifications, including the European Association of Urology (EAU) risk categories for biochemical recurrence of localized and locally advanced PCa and the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) 2014 grade (group) system, were used to better categorize patients. A PSA level 0.1 ng/mL at the first measurement after RP, typically six weeks after surgery, was used to determine the radicality of the procedure.

2.2. Tissue Microarrays (TMAs) and Immunohistochemical (IHC) Staining

For this study, we prepared histopathological samples for immunohistochemical staining and its further examination using the tissue microarrays (TMAs) technique. Sixteen TMAs were created for our study. The donor blocks were paraffin blocks containing material from the prostate with PCa or LN+. Donor blocks were then used to create histopathological slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). A Pannoramic Midi II histological scanner (3DHISTECH Ltd., Budapest, Hungary) was used to scan slides. Representative areas from the entire section were selected by a uropathologist using the Panoramic Viewer Program (3DHISTECH Ltd.). In order to further increase the representativeness of each case, 3 representative cores with a size of 1.5 mm from the donor block were chosen and transferred to the TMA’recipient’ block using the TMA Grand Master (3DHISTECH Ltd.).
IHC reactions were performed on 4 μm TMA paraffin sections using an Autostainer Link48 (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). Deparaffinization, rehydration, and antigen retrieval were performed using EnVision FLEX Target Retrieval Solution, High pH (97 °C, 20 min; pH 9), in PTLink (Dako). Endogenous peroxidase was blocked using the EnVision FLEX Peroxidase-Blocking Reagent (Dako) for 5 min. Primary antibodies—polyclonal rabbit anti-IL-17/IL-17A antibody (1:1600, cat. no NBP1-76337, Novus Biologicals, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and monoclonal mouse anti-IL17RA/IL-17R antibody (1:200, cat. No NBP2-25258, Novus Biologicals)—were applied for 20 min. Following this, the secondary antibody, conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (EnVision FLEX/HRP—20 min incubation), was applied. 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB, Dako) was used as the peroxidase substrate, and the sections were incubated for 10 min. Finally, all sections were counterstained for 5 min with EnVision FLEX Hematoxylin (Dako). After dehydration in ethanol (70%, 96%, absolute) and xylene, all slides were closed with coverslips in SUB-X Mounting Medium in a coverslipper. The primary antibodies were diluted in the EnVision FLEX Antibody Diluent (Dako). The slides were scanned using a histologic scanner, Pannoramic MIDI (3DHistech). Reactions were evaluated with the use of Quant Center software (3DHistech) under researcher supervision. In order to evaluate the expression of IL-17A and IL-17RA, for every case, six TMA cores (3 from prostate and 3 from metastatic lymph node) were assessed using a Pannoramic Viewer Digital image analysis.
Next, an experienced uropathologist who did not have access to patient clinical data assessed IL-17A and IL-17RA expression using the immunoreactive scale (IRS) developed by Remmele and Stegner [31,32] presented in Table 1.
The final IRS score was determined by multiplying the percentage of stained PCa cells (“A” score) with the staining intensity (“B” score). The prostate and LN+ samples from each patient were assessed independently. The final IRS score for the prostate and LN+ was calculated using the average score obtained from the assessment of each of the three cores of a specific tissue type.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

For quantitative variables, the mean, standard deviation (SD), minimum (Min), maximum (Max), median (Me), lower (Q1), and upper (Q3) quartiles were calculated. The empirical distribution of quantitative variables was examined to fit a normal distribution using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the relationship between monotonic relationships between variables. Qualitative (nominal and categorical) variables were presented in contingency tables as numbers (n) and percentages (%). The significance of differences in quantitative parameters between the two groups was assessed using the Mann–Whitney U test, and the independence of the two qualitative factors was established using Pearson’s chi-squared test. In all analyzed cases, the associations were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Statistica v.13.3 (TIBCO Software Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used for all statistical analyses.

3. Results

The general characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 2.

3.1. IL-17A

IL-17A expression in the prostate and LN+ was found in 98.7% (n = 76) and 100% (n = 77) of patients, respectively. Figure 1 shows a comparison of IL-17A expression levels in the prostate and LN+.
As presented in Table 3, IL-17A expression levels were comparable in the prostate and LN+ (p = 0.415), with no statistically significant difference between the percentage of positively stained cancer cells (p = 0.634) and intensity of staining (p = 0.446).
A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between IL-17A expression levels in the prostate and LN+ (rho = 0.395; Figure 2a).
IL-17A expression (expressed by the IRS score) in the prostate and LN+ was not significantly correlated with patient age, postoperative GGG ISUP, or preoperative PSA level. IL-17A expression levels in the prostate and BMI were significantly positively correlated (p = 0.028). Additionally, a statistically significant positive connection between the level of IL-17A expression in LN+ and the percentage of the affected lymph nodes and the EAU risk group was found (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively). Table 4 presents the results of the statistical analyses.
When analyzing the differences between the groups with low and high expressions of IL-17A (assessed based on the IRS score) and the pathological features or postoperative outcomes of patients, only one statistically significant correlation was detected between the extracapsular extension (ECE) of the prostate and the level of IL-17A expression in the LN+—it was significantly more common in the high expression group (p = 0.033). No statistically significant correlation was observed between these variables and IL-17A expression in the prostate (Table 5).
Next, the IRS scale variables—the percentage of IL-17A-positive cancer cells (“A” score in the IRS scale) and the intensity of staining IL-17A-positive cancer cells (“B” score in the IRS scale) in the prostate and LN+—were independently examined to further the analysis of the pathological characteristics or postoperative results of the patients. There was a correlation between the ECE of the lymph node and the percentage of IL-17A-positive cancer cells in the prostate (p = 0.009), as well as between the intensity of staining IL-17A-positive cancer cells in LN+ (p = 0.014).

3.2. IL-17RA

IL-17RA expression in the prostate and LN+ was found in 90.9% (n = 70) and 93.5% (n = 72) of patients, respectively. Figure 3 shows a comparison of IL-17RA expression levels in the prostate and LN+.
A statistically significant difference was observed in the level of IL-17RA expression between the prostate and LN+. The level of IL-17RA expression according to the IRS score was higher in the prostate than in LN+ (4 vs. 3; p = 0.009). In addition, the level of expression was significantly more often marked as low in the material from LN+ than in the prostate (90.3% vs. 74.3%; p = 0.012). IL-17RA, like IL-17A, showed a statistically significant positive correlation between expression in the prostate and expression in LN+ (rho = 0.369; Figure 2b). As shown in Table 4, there was only one statistically significant positive correlation between the EAU risk group and the level of IL-17RA expression (IRS score) in LN+. No significant correlations were observed between the level of expression in the prostate and the previously mentioned quantitative variables.
After analyzing the results to identify potential differences between the groups with low and high expression of IL-17RA (based on the IRS scale) and the pathological features or postoperative outcomes of patients were found only in the case of the frequency of ECE of the lymph node. This phenomenon was more common in the group with high expression of IL-17RA (71.4% vs. 20.0%, p = 0.009). Similar to IL-17A, no statistically significant correlation was observed between these variables and IL-17RA expression in the prostate (Table 6).
Furthermore, as with IL-17A, an in-depth analysis of the IRS variables (“A” score and “B” score) used to assess IL-17RA expression was performed. There were no statistically significant differences in this regard in either the prostate or LN+ samples.

4. Discussion

For clinicians and pathologists, PCa, the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, presents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. A rise in the number of new PCa diagnoses in men is anticipated in the near future. It is due to the correlation between PCa incidence and age and the rising life expectancy [2]. But, despite substantial progress in adjuvant therapy that have increased cancer-specific survival, we continue to base prognosis on conventional variables like PSA level, histological grade group, and clinical stage [33].
Numerous ongoing studies are investigating the function and use of IHC biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa, including the development of metastases. Although many of the findings from these studies are encouraging, urological guidelines for PCa currently do not take these findings into account [8,20].
IL-17A and IL-17RA are members of a large family of IL-17 cytokines that have been demonstrated to have both pro-cancer (in most cases) and cancer-inhibiting effects [20,34,35,36,37]. Zang suggested a mechanism of action for IL-17 in the development of PCa in a mouse model. According to the author, IL-17 promotes PCa carcinogenesis via matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7), which is also increased in PCa and triggers epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), resulting in the development of PCa [22].
Our research is novel because, despite the fact that IL-17A and IL-17RA expressions in the prostate have been assessed in a number of studies, no study has investigated this marker’s expression in LN+ [24,25,26,27,28,29,30].
The expressions of IL-17A and IL-17RA in the examined tissues can be regarded as an indicator of local inflammation, which is significant in the context of neoplastic processes. Studies have shown that a chronic inflammatory process can promote the occurrence and progression of neoplasms. The exact mechanism of action is not known, but one proposed explanation is that an inflammatory process can alter the tumor microenvironment, leading to the production of cytokines that promote tumor growth and metastasis. This is a component of the pre-metastatic niche theory, which proposes that the conditions for the formation of metastases are present when the microenvironment is favorable to cancer cells at the potential site of metastasis [38].
Studying the expression of inflammatory mediators in cancer cells is especially important because recent research has shown that the process of immune escape is one of the most important factors in the development of cancer. Cancer cells develop resistance to immune system neutralization as well as resistance to anticancer drugs during this process. Current research is focused on identifying factors that influence the development of immune escape cancer cells, as well as the development of effective anticancer immunotherapies [39,40]. Cytokines, including IL-17A, are an important group of factors that are involved in this process [41]. In a recent study, the authors showed that melittin, an anti-inflammatory drug, inhibits the proliferation and migration of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells by downregulating the IL-17 signaling pathway [42].
Available studies confirm that a chronic inflammatory process promotes the development of BPH and PCa by stimulating angiogenesis or stimulating cell growth, but so far, there is no clearly described mechanism of this action [43,44,45]. It has been shown that the infiltration of inflammatory cells selectively promotes the proliferation of prostate epithelial cells, which may be the source of PCa development [43]. In a study by De Marzo et al., the stimulating effect of the inflammatory process on the development of proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) was found, which may be a precursor to the transformation into prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) or PCa [44]. Despite these data, the effect of prostatitis on PCa progression has not been unequivocally demonstrated [46].
According to Liu et al., IL-17 stimulation increased the expression of proinflammatory genes, including IL-17RA, in mice, resulting in the development of a more aggressive form of PCa [47]. Another study by the same author found an increased expression of IL-17A and IL-17RA in PCa and BPH, concluding that IL-17A action through IL-17RA contributes to PCa development [26].
We found IL-17A and IL17RA expression in a very high percentage of prostate and LN+ samples (over 90% of all analyzed samples). In contrast to the findings of Janiczek et al., who did not find IL-17RA expression in either the prostate or BPH, our findings regarding IL-17RA expression in the prostate support the hypothesis made by Liu et al.
We discovered no significant differences in IL-17A expression between the prostate and LN+, either in terms of the percentage of positively stained cancer cells or the intensity of staining, which was high in both types of tissues in most cases. However, the level of expression of Il-17RA was significantly higher in the prostate than in LN+ (IRS score 4 vs. 3; p = 0.009). In general, the expression level of IL-17RA (assessed by IRS scale) was lower in both types of tissues examined than that of IL-17A, and the majority of samples showed a low level of expression (especially in the case of expression in LN +). Also, we observed that prostate expression of IL-17A and IL-17RA correlated positively with their expression in LN+. This suggests that IL-17A and IL-17RA are involved in metastasis formation and are a component of pre-metastatic niche formation in lymph nodes. Further research on PCa nodal metastases is needed to draw clear conclusions from these observations. Our findings need to be confirmed in future research. This could be a promising research direction for developing new systemic therapies for PCa, or it could be an additional factor influencing the estimation of the risk of nodal metastases.
We found no significant correlation between the level of expression of Il-17A and Il-17RA in the prostate and classic factors used to assess the risk of disease progression, such as PSA or EAU risk group. The only significant positive correlation found was between the level of IL-17A expression in the prostate and BMI (p = 0.028). This association could be related to the chronic inflammation seen in obese and overweight people, with increased expression being the result [48,49,50]. This is consistent with the findings of Liu’s studies on obese mice, in which he investigated the impact of hyperinsulinemia on the expression of IL-17 and its receptors as well as the progression of PCa [47].
When we evaluated the expression in the LN+, we observed a correlation between the expression levels of IL-17A (p = 0.001) and IL-17RA (p = 0.045) and the EAU risk group. This is the only significant association found between the classical model of PCa progression risk assessment and the expression levels of the markers investigated in this study. In addition, the level of IL-17A expression in LN+ was correlated with the percentage of affected lymph nodes (p = 0.006). These findings imply that IL-17A and IL-17RA may play a significant role in the development of pre-metastatic niches, although further evidence is required to support this theory. These results could eventually assist in improving the accuracy of models such as Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), Partin, and Briganti nomograms, which are used to assess the likelihood of PCa nodal metastases [51,52,53,54]. The continuous improvement of methods to assess the risk of the presence of nodal metastases is very important because, despite the currently used tools, approximately 70% of patients undergo unnecessary extended lymphadenectomy, showing the absence of nodal metastases [55]. It should be emphasized that lymphadenectomy is an additional element that increases the risk of complications and extends the duration of RP [7]. Research on new markers to increase the accuracy of risk assessment of lymph node involvement is extremely important.
We found no statistically significant differences between groups with high and low IL-17A or IL-17RA expression in the prostate and clinicopathological characteristics of patients. In contrast, we observed these differences in LN+ expression. In the case of IL-17A, there was a significant difference in the frequency of prostate ECE; it occurred more frequently in the high-expression group than in the low-expression group. This finding is significant because the ECE of prostate is regarded as an independent risk factor for biochemical recurrence [56]. However, in the case of IL-17RA expression in LN+, a similar but not identical significant difference was noticed; the ECE of the lymph node was identified more often in the high expression group than in the low expression group. Furthermore, a statistically significant association was observed between the frequency of ECE in the lymph nodes and the percentage of IL-17A-positive cells in the prostate as well as the intensity of IL-17A staining in LN+.
This study has some limitations. Firstly, there were no follow-up data for patients who underwent RP. The ability of this study to assess the correlation between IL-17A or IL-17RA expression and patient outcomes, such as biochemical recurrence or overall survival, is hampered by the absence of long-term data. Secondly, there are certain limitations to the IRS scale, which is the evaluation method used in this study to assess the expression of IL-17A and IL-17RA. A more detailed assessment can be performed using the H-score method [57,58], which requires more experience and time from a uropathologist. A simplified classification into groups of high and low expression may turn out to be too inaccurate when it comes to detecting subtle correlations. The method we used was a compromise between the accuracy of the analysis and available resources and research needs. Thirdly, we examined the expression of IL-17A and IL-17RA exclusively in PCa tissue without comparing them to the control group, such as lymph nodes from patients who had undergone RP and lymphadenectomy, and no LN+ was detected or tissues from benign prostatic hyperplasia obtained after the transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The last limitation of the study was that it involved a relatively small group of patients, which would have reduced its statistical ability to identify subtle differences and may have created bias.
The strengths of our work, derived from its novelty and the rigorous method we used, should not be diminished by the limitations we observed. Our work is unique in that it is the first to examine the expression of IL-17A and IL-17RA in PCa LN+; nevertheless, we see a need and plan to broaden our research in the future with a comparison to a control group, as mentioned above. This will further define the role of IL-17A and IL-17RA in PCa, as well as their potential clinical implications.

5. Conclusions

The results presented above show that IL-17A and IL17-RA have a statistically significant positive correlation between expression in the prostate and expression in metastatic lymph nodes. The prevalence of their expression suggests their role in local inflammation, which is associated with neoplastic processes. Our study is the first to assess IL-17A and IL17-RA expression not only in prostate tissue, but also in LN+. The findings of this study highlight the potential significance of IL-17A and IL-17RA in PCa metastasis and premetastatic niche formation. The correlations observed between marker expression and clinical parameters such as BMI and EAU risk point to possible links between chronic inflammation and disease progression. Although more evidence is needed, these markers could contribute to improved risk assessment models for nodal metastases, helping to avoid unnecessary lymphadenectomies.
In summary, this study sheds light on the potential of IL-17A and IL-17RA as markers in PCa, and further studies, ideally with a control group and long-term outcomes, are required to determine the role and possible application of both markers in PCa.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, P.K. and B.M.; methodology, P.K., M.K. and A.P.; validation, P.K., M.K. and K.K.; formal analysis, B.M.; investigation, P.K. and M.K.; resources, B.M.; data curation, P.K., K.D. and W.K.; writing—original draft preparation, P.K. and K.K.; writing—review and editing, B.M., Ł.N. and J.C.; visualization, J.C., K.D. and Ł.N.; supervision, T.S., P.D., A.H. and B.M.; project administration, B.M.; funding acquisition, P.K. and B.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by a research grant from the Wroclaw Medical University SUBZ.C090.23.080 and STM.C090.20.081.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of Wroclaw Medical University (protocol code KB - 755/2022, approved on 27 October 2022).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of this research.

Data Availability Statement

The data are available from the authors upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

BMIbody mass index
EAUEuropean Association of Urology
ECEextracapsular extension
EMTepithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
GGG ISUP    International Society of Urological Pathology grade (group) system
HEhematoxylin and eosin
IHCimmunohistochemistry
ILinterleukin
IRSimmunoreactive scale
LN+metastatic/positive lymph node
LVIlymphovascular invasion
MMP7matrix metalloproteinase 7
MSKCCMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
NVIneurovascular invasion
PCaprostate cancer
PINprostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
PSAprostate-specific antigen
pTpathological tumor stage
RPradical prostatectomy
TMAtissue microarray
TURPtransurethral resection of the prostate

References

  1. Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Dikshit, R.; Eser, S.; Mathers, C.; Rebelo, M.; Parkin, D.M.; Forman, D.; Bray, F. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: Sources, Methods and Major Patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012: Globocan 2012. Int. J. Cancer 2015, 136, E359–E386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Rawla, P. Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. World J. Oncol. 2019, 10, 63–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Van Baelen, A.; Mottet, N.; Spahn, M.; Briganti, A.; Gontero, P.; Joniau, S. Sense and Nonsense of an Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection in Prostate Cancer. Adv. Urol. 2012, 2012, 983058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Allaf, M.E.; Palapattu, G.S.; Trock, B.J.; Carter, H.B.; Walsh, P.C. Anatomical Extent of Lymph Node Dissection: Impact on Men with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. J. Urol. 2004, 172, 1840–1844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Stabile, A.; Pellegrino, A.; Mazzone, E.; Cannoletta, D.; de Angelis, M.; Barletta, F.; Scuderi, S.; Cucchiara, V.; Gandaglia, G.; Raggi, D.; et al. Can Negative Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Avoid the Need for Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection in Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer Patients? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Backup Histology as Reference Standard. Eur. Urol. Oncol. 2022, 5, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Hövels, A.M.; Heesakkers, R.A.M.; Adang, E.M.; Jager, G.J.; Strum, S.; Hoogeveen, Y.L.; Severens, J.L.; Barentsz, J.O. The Diagnostic Accuracy of CT and MRI in the Staging of Pelvic Lymph Nodes in Patients with Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Clin. Radiol. 2008, 63, 387–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Fossati, N.; Willemse, P.-P.M.; Van den Broeck, T.; van den Bergh, R.C.N.; Yuan, C.Y.; Briers, E.; Bellmunt, J.; Bolla, M.; Cornford, P.; De Santis, M.; et al. The Benefits and Harms of Different Extents of Lymph Node Dissection During Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur. Urol. 2017, 72, 84–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Mottet, N.; van den Bergh, R.C.N.; Briers, E.; Van den Broeck, T.; Cumberbatch, M.G.; De Santis, M.; Fanti, S.; Fossati, N.; Gandaglia, G.; Gillessen, S.; et al. EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer-2020 Update. Part 1: Screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent. Eur. Urol. 2021, 79, 243–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Ohshima, H.; Bartsch, H. Chronic Infections and Inflammatory Processes as Cancer Risk Factors: Possible Role of Nitric Oxide in Carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 1994, 305, 253–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Lonkar, P.; Dedon, P.C. Reactive Species and DNA Damage in Chronic Inflammation: Reconciling Chemical Mechanisms and Biological Fates. Int. J. Cancer 2011, 128, 1999–2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Schetter, A.J.; Heegaard, N.H.H.; Harris, C.C. Inflammation and Cancer: Interweaving MicroRNA, Free Radical, Cytokine and P53 Pathways. Carcinogenesis 2010, 31, 37–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, R.A. Hallmarks of Cancer: The next Generation. Cell 2011, 144, 646–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Coussens, L.M.; Werb, Z. Inflammation and Cancer. Nature 2002, 420, 860–867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Jung, G.; Kim, J.K.; Kim, H.; Lee, J.; Hong, S.K. The Association between Prostatitis and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A National Health Insurance Database Study. World J. Urol. 2022, 40, 2781–2787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Jiang, J.; Li, J.; Yunxia, Z.; Zhu, H.; Liu, J.; Pumill, C. The Role of Prostatitis in Prostate Cancer: Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e85179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Sutcliffe, S.; Giovannucci, E.; De Marzo, A.M.; Leitzmann, M.F.; Willett, W.C.; Platz, E.A. Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Clinical Prostatitis, and the Risk of Prostate Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2006, 15, 2160–2166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Gurel, B.; Lucia, M.S.; Thompson, I.M.; Goodman, P.J.; Tangen, C.M.; Kristal, A.R.; Parnes, H.L.; Hoque, A.; Lippman, S.M.; Sutcliffe, S.; et al. Chronic Inflammation in Benign Prostate Tissue Is Associated with High-Grade Prostate Cancer in the Placebo Arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2014, 23, 847–856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Bardia, A.; Platz, E.A.; Yegnasubramanian, S.; De Marzo, A.M.; Nelson, W.G. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Antioxidants, and Prostate Cancer Prevention. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2009, 9, 419–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
  19. Thapa, D.; Ghosh, R. Antioxidants for Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention: Challenges and Opportunities. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2012, 83, 1319–1330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Kiełb, P.; Kowalczyk, K.; Gurwin, A.; Nowak, Ł.; Krajewski, W.; Sosnowski, R.; Szydełko, T.; Małkiewicz, B. Novel Histopathological Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer: Implications and Perspectives. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 1552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Onishi, R.M.; Gaffen, S.L. Interleukin-17 and Its Target Genes: Mechanisms of Interleukin-17 Function in Disease. Immunology 2010, 129, 311–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Zhang, Q.; Liu, S.; Parajuli, K.R.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, K.; Mo, Z.; Liu, J.; Chen, Z.; Yang, S.; Wang, A.R.; et al. Interleukin-17 Promotes Prostate Cancer via MMP7-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Oncogene 2017, 36, 687–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Pappu, R.; Ramirez-Carrozzi, V.; Sambandam, A. The Interleukin-17 Cytokine Family: Critical Players in Host Defence and Inflammatory Diseases. Immunology 2011, 134, 8–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Steiner, G.E.; Newman, M.E.; Paikl, D.; Stix, U.; Memaran-Dagda, N.; Lee, C.; Marberger, M.J. Expression and Function of Pro-Inflammatory Interleukin IL-17 and IL-17 Receptor in Normal, Benign Hyperplastic, and Malignant Prostate. Prostate 2003, 56, 171–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Haudenschild, D.; Moseley, T.; Rose, L.; Reddi, A.H. Soluble and Transmembrane Isoforms of Novel Interleukin-17 Receptor-like Protein by RNA Splicing and Expression in Prostate Cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 4309–4316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Liu, Y.; Zhao, X.; Sun, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, J.; Han, H.; Shen, W.; Corrigan, C.J.; Sun, Y. Expression of IL-17A, E, and F and Their Receptors in Human Prostatic Cancer: Comparison with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Prostate 2015, 75, 1844–1856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Zhang, Q.; Liu, S.; Ge, D.; Zhang, Q.; Xue, Y.; Xiong, Z.; Abdel-Mageed, A.B.; Myers, L.; Hill, S.M.; Rowan, B.G.; et al. Interleukin-17 Promotes Formation and Growth of Prostate Adenocarcinoma in Mouse Models. Cancer Res. 2012, 72, 2589–2599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Zhang, Q.; Liu, S.; Zhang, Q.; Xiong, Z.; Wang, A.R.; Myers, L.; Melamed, J.; Tang, W.W.; You, Z. Interleukin-17 Promotes Development of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Potentially through Creating an Immunotolerant and pro-Angiogenic Tumor Microenvironment. Prostate 2014, 74, 869–879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Cunningham, D.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, S.; Parajuli, K.R.; Nie, Q.; Ma, L.; Zhang, A.; Chen, Z.; You, Z. Interleukin-17 Promotes Metastasis in an Immunocompetent Orthotopic Mouse Model of Prostate Cancer. Am. J. Clin. Exp. Urol. 2018, 6, 114–122. [Google Scholar]
  30. Janiczek, M.; Szylberg, Ł.; Antosik, P.; Kasperska, A.; Marszałek, A. Expression Levels of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17RA, and IL-17RC in Prostate Cancer with Taking into Account the Histological Grade According to Gleason Scale in Comparison to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: In Search of New Therapeutic Options. J. Immunol. Res. 2020, 2020, 4910595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Remmele, W.; Stegner, H.E. Recommendation for uniform definition of an immunoreactive score (IRS) for immunohistochemical estrogen receptor detection (ER-ICA) in breast cancer tissue. Pathologe 1987, 8, 138–140. [Google Scholar]
  32. Kaemmerer, D.; Peter, L.; Lupp, A.; Schulz, S.; Sänger, J.; Baum, R.P.; Prasad, V.; Hommann, M. Comparing of IRS and Her2 as Immunohistochemical Scoring Schemes in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2012, 5, 187–194. [Google Scholar]
  33. Moussa, A.S.; Li, J.; Soriano, M.; Klein, E.A.; Dong, F.; Jones, J.S. Prostate Biopsy Clinical and Pathological Variables That Predict Significant Grading Changes in Patients with Intermediate and High Grade Prostate Cancer. BJU Int. 2009, 103, 43–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Hyun, Y.S.; Han, D.S.; Lee, A.R.; Eun, C.S.; Youn, J.; Kim, H.-Y. Role of IL-17A in the Development of Colitis-Associated Cancer. Carcinogenesis 2012, 33, 931–936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Wang, L.; Yi, T.; Zhang, W.; Pardoll, D.M.; Yu, H. IL-17 Enhances Tumor Development in Carcinogen-Induced Skin Cancer. Cancer Res. 2010, 70, 10112–10120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Jarocki, M.; Karska, J.; Kowalski, S.; Kiełb, P.; Nowak, Ł.; Krajewski, W.; Saczko, J.; Kulbacka, J.; Szydełko, T.; Małkiewicz, B. Interleukin 17 and Its Involvement in Renal Cell Carcinoma. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 4973. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Benatar, T.; Cao, M.Y.; Lee, Y.; Li, H.; Feng, N.; Gu, X.; Lee, V.; Jin, H.; Wang, M.; Der, S.; et al. Virulizin Induces Production of IL-17E to Enhance Antitumor Activity by Recruitment of Eosinophils into Tumors. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2008, 57, 1757–1769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Chen, L.; Deng, H.; Cui, H.; Fang, J.; Zuo, Z.; Deng, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhao, L. Inflammatory Responses and Inflammation-Associated Diseases in Organs. Oncotarget 2017, 9, 7204–7218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Berraondo, P.; Sanmamed, M.F.; Ochoa, M.C.; Etxeberria, I.; Aznar, M.A.; Pérez-Gracia, J.L.; Rodríguez-Ruiz, M.E.; Ponz-Sarvise, M.; Castañón, E.; Melero, I. Cytokines in Clinical Cancer Immunotherapy. Br. J. Cancer 2019, 120, 6–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Locy, H.; de Mey, S.; de Mey, W.; De Ridder, M.; Thielemans, K.; Maenhout, S.K. Immunomodulation of the Tumor Microenvironment: Turn Foe Into Friend. Front. Immunol. 2018, 9, 2909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Chen, K.; Kolls, J.K. Interluekin-17A (IL17A). Gene 2017, 614, 8–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Yan, R.; Dai, W.; Mao, Y.; Yu, G.; Li, W.; Shu, M.; Xu, B. Melittin Inhibits Tumor Cell Migration and Enhances Cisplatin Sensitivity by Suppressing IL-17 Signaling Pathway Gene LCN2 in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Prostate 2023, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. McDowell, K.L.; Begley, L.A.; Mor-Vaknin, N.; Markovitz, D.M.; Macoska, J.A. Leukocytic Promotion of Prostate Cellular Proliferation. Prostate 2010, 70, 377–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. De Marzo, A.M.; Platz, E.A.; Sutcliffe, S.; Xu, J.; Grönberg, H.; Drake, C.G.; Nakai, Y.; Isaacs, W.B.; Nelson, W.G. Inflammation in Prostate Carcinogenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2007, 7, 256–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Bardan, R.; Dumache, R.; Dema, A.; Cumpanas, A.; Bucuras, V. The Role of Prostatic Inflammation Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Prostate Diseases. Clin. Biochem. 2014, 47, 909–915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Stark, T.; Livas, L.; Kyprianou, N. Inflammation in Prostate Cancer Progression and Therapeutic Targeting. Transl. Androl. Urol. 2015, 4, 455–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Liu, S.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, C.; Ge, D.; Qu, Y.; Chen, R.; Fan, Y.-M.; Li, N.; Tang, W.W.; Zhang, W.; et al. Hyperinsulinemia Enhances Interleukin-17-Induced Inflammation to Promote Prostate Cancer Development in Obese Mice through Inhibiting Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3-Mediated Phosphorylation and Degradation of Interleukin-17 Receptor. Oncotarget 2016, 7, 13651–13666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Khanna, D.; Khanna, S.; Khanna, P.; Kahar, P.; Patel, B.M. Obesity: A Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Its Markers. Cureus 2022, 14, e22711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Ellulu, M.S.; Patimah, I.; Khaza’ai, H.; Rahmat, A.; Abed, Y. Obesity and Inflammation: The Linking Mechanism and the Complications. Arch. Med. Sci. 2017, 13, 851–863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Cohen, E.; Margalit, I.; Shochat, T.; Goldberg, E.; Krause, I. Markers of Chronic Inflammation in Overweight and Obese Individuals and the Role of Gender: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Large Cohort. J. Inflamm. Res. 2021, 14, 567–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Briganti, A.; Larcher, A.; Abdollah, F.; Capitanio, U.; Gallina, A.; Suardi, N.; Bianchi, M.; Sun, M.; Freschi, M.; Salonia, A.; et al. Updated Nomogram Predicting Lymph Node Invasion in Patients with Prostate Cancer Undergoing Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection: The Essential Importance of Percentage of Positive Cores. Eur. Urol. 2012, 61, 480–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Gandaglia, G.; Fossati, N.; Zaffuto, E.; Bandini, M.; Dell’Oglio, P.; Bravi, C.A.; Fallara, G.; Pellegrino, F.; Nocera, L.; Karakiewicz, P.I.; et al. Development and Internal Validation of a Novel Model to Identify the Candidates for Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection in Prostate Cancer. Eur. Urol. 2017, 72, 632–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Cimino, S.; Reale, G.; Castelli, T.; Favilla, V.; Giardina, R.; Russo, G.I.; Privitera, S.; Morgia, G. Comparison between Briganti, Partin and MSKCC Tools in Predicting Positive Lymph Nodes in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Scand. J. Urol. 2017, 51, 345–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Małkiewicz, B.; Ptaszkowski, K.; Knecht, K.; Gurwin, A.; Wilk, K.; Kiełb, P.; Dudek, K.; Zdrojowy, R. External Validation of the Briganti Nomogram to Predict Lymph Node Invasion in Prostate Cancer-Setting a New Threshold Value. Life 2021, 11, 479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Gandaglia, G.; Ploussard, G.; Valerio, M.; Mattei, A.; Fiori, C.; Fossati, N.; Stabile, A.; Beauval, J.-B.; Malavaud, B.; Roumiguié, M.; et al. A Novel Nomogram to Identify Candidates for Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection Among Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Diagnosed with Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Targeted and Systematic Biopsies. Eur. Urol. 2019, 75, 506–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Suardi, N.; Ficarra, V.; Willemsen, P.; De Wil, P.; Gallina, A.; De Naeyer, G.; Schatteman, P.; Montorsi, F.; Carpentier, P.; Mottrie, A. Long-Term Biochemical Recurrence Rates After Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Analysis of a Single-Center Series of Patients With a Minimum Follow-up of 5 Years. Urology 2012, 79, 133–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Detre, S.; Saclani Jotti, G.; Dowsett, M. A “Quickscore” Method for Immunohistochemical Semiquantitation: Validation for Oestrogen Receptor in Breast Carcinomas. J. Clin. Pathol. 1995, 48, 876–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Fedchenko, N.; Reifenrath, J. Different Approaches for Interpretation and Reporting of Immunohistochemistry Analysis Results in the Bone Tissue—A Review. Diagn. Pathol. 2014, 9, 221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cancers 15 04578 g001
Figure 1. Comparison of IL-17A expression levels in the prostate and metastatic lymph nodes. (a) High IL-17A expression in prostate tissue; (b) Low IL-17A expression in prostate tissue; (c) High IL-17A expression in metastatic lymph node; (d) Low IL-17A expression in metastatic lymph node. Magnification, ×15.
Figure 1. Comparison of IL-17A expression levels in the prostate and metastatic lymph nodes. (a) High IL-17A expression in prostate tissue; (b) Low IL-17A expression in prostate tissue; (c) High IL-17A expression in metastatic lymph node; (d) Low IL-17A expression in metastatic lymph node. Magnification, ×15.
Cancers 15 04578 g001
Cancers 15 04578 g002
Figure 2. Summary of scatterplots and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. (a) Correlation between IL-17A expression in the metastatic lymph node and IL-17A expression in prostate (IRS score). (b) Correlation between IL-17A expression in the metastatic lymph node and IL-17A expression in prostate (IRS score). IRS—immunoreactive scale, LN+—metastatic/positive lymph node.
Figure 2. Summary of scatterplots and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. (a) Correlation between IL-17A expression in the metastatic lymph node and IL-17A expression in prostate (IRS score). (b) Correlation between IL-17A expression in the metastatic lymph node and IL-17A expression in prostate (IRS score). IRS—immunoreactive scale, LN+—metastatic/positive lymph node.
Cancers 15 04578 g002
Cancers 15 04578 g003
Figure 3. Comparison of IL-17RA expression levels in the prostate and metastatic lymph nodes. (a) High IL-17RA expression in prostate tissue; (b) Low IL-17RA expression in prostate tissue; (c) High IL-17RA expression in metastatic lymph node; (d) Low IL-17RA expression in metastatic lymph node. Magnification, ×15.
Figure 3. Comparison of IL-17RA expression levels in the prostate and metastatic lymph nodes. (a) High IL-17RA expression in prostate tissue; (b) Low IL-17RA expression in prostate tissue; (c) High IL-17RA expression in metastatic lymph node; (d) Low IL-17RA expression in metastatic lymph node. Magnification, ×15.
Cancers 15 04578 g003
Table 1. Immunoreactive scale (IRS) by Remmele and Stegner. IRS score taking into account the percentage of positively stained prostate cancer cells (A) and the intensity of staining (B), and the final score is the result of multiplying these values (A × B). Based on the IRS score, patients were divided into groups of low and high IL-17A and IL-17RA expressions, respectively, as presented.
Table 1. Immunoreactive scale (IRS) by Remmele and Stegner. IRS score taking into account the percentage of positively stained prostate cancer cells (A) and the intensity of staining (B), and the final score is the result of multiplying these values (A × B). Based on the IRS score, patients were divided into groups of low and high IL-17A and IL-17RA expressions, respectively, as presented.
Immunoreactive Scale (IRS)
A—Percentage of Positive Cancer CellsB—Staining Intensity
Score Score
0no cells with positive reaction0no color reaction
1<10% cells with positive reaction1mild reaction
210–50% cells with positive reaction2moderate reaction
351–80% cells with positive reaction3intense reaction
4>80% cells with positive reaction
IRS SCORE (A X B): 0–12 points
Final scoreLevel of expression
1–7Low expression
8–12High expression
Table 2. General characteristics and clinicopathological parameters of the patients. M—arithmetic mean, SD—standard deviation, BMI—body mass index, PSA—prostate-specific antigen, Me—median, Q1—lower quartile, Q3—upper quartile, EAU—European Association of Urology, n—number, %—percentage, pT—pathological tumor stage, GGG ISUP—International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) 2014 grade (group) system, radical procedure—defined as a PSA level <0.1 ng/mL at the first measurement after radical prostatectomy.
Table 2. General characteristics and clinicopathological parameters of the patients. M—arithmetic mean, SD—standard deviation, BMI—body mass index, PSA—prostate-specific antigen, Me—median, Q1—lower quartile, Q3—upper quartile, EAU—European Association of Urology, n—number, %—percentage, pT—pathological tumor stage, GGG ISUP—International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) 2014 grade (group) system, radical procedure—defined as a PSA level <0.1 ng/mL at the first measurement after radical prostatectomy.
VariableStatistics
General characteristics of patients
Age (years):
M ± SD64.9 ± 5.5
BMI (kg/m2):
M ± SD28.1 ± 3.7
Preoperative PSA (ng/mL):
Me (Q1; Q3)19.8 (12; 36.1)
EAU risk group, n (%):
Low-risk1 (1.3)
Intermediate-risk8 (10.4)
High-risk38 (49.3)
High-risk locally advanced30 (39)
Clinicopathological parameters
pT, n (%):
2a1 (1.3)
2c9 (11.7)
3a14 (18.2)
3b53 (68.8)
Postoperative Gleason, n (%):
3 + 31 (1.3)
3 + 410 (13)
3 + 54 (5.2)
4 + 319 (24.7)
4 + 43 (3.9)
4 + 529 (37.6)
5 + 32 (2.6)
5 + 48 (10.4)
5 + 51 (1.3)
Postoperative GGG ISUP, n (%):
11 (1.3)
210 (13)
319 (24.7)
49 (11.7)
538 (48.3)
Extracapsular extension of prostate, n (%):
Yes66 (85.7)
No11 (14.3)
Extracapsular extension of lymph node, n (%):
Yes19 (24.7)
No58 (75.3)
Resection margin, n (%):
Positive54 (70.1)
Negative23 (29.9)
Neurovascular invasion, n (%):
Yes70 (90.9)
No1 (1.3)
No data6 (7.8)
Lymphovascular invasion, n (%):
Yes57 (74)
No15 (19.5)
No data5 (6.5)
Affected lymph nodes (%):
Me (Q1; Q3)12.5 (8.3; 27.3)
Radical procedure, n (%):
Yes36 (46.7)
No41 (53.3)
Table 3. Basic descriptive statistics of the evaluation of IL-17A and IL-17RA expression in prostate and metastatic lymph node tissues and the results of comparisons. IRS—immunoreactive scale, A—percentage of positive cancer cells (value from IRS scale), B -staining intensity (value from IRS scale), Me—median, Q1—lower quartile, Q3—upper quartile, Min—minimum, Max—maximum, n—number, %—percentage.
Table 3. Basic descriptive statistics of the evaluation of IL-17A and IL-17RA expression in prostate and metastatic lymph node tissues and the results of comparisons. IRS—immunoreactive scale, A—percentage of positive cancer cells (value from IRS scale), B -staining intensity (value from IRS scale), Me—median, Q1—lower quartile, Q3—upper quartile, Min—minimum, Max—maximum, n—number, %—percentage.
Expression (IRS Scale)
IL-17AIL-17RA
ProstateMetastatic Lymph Nodep-ValueProstateMetastatic Lymph Nodep-Value
A—Percentage of positively stained cancer cells (score) 0.634 0.271
Me (Q1; Q3)4 [3; 4]4 [3; 4] 3 [3; 4]3 [2; 4]
Min–Max0–42–4 0–40–4
B—Intensity of staining (score) 0.446 0.112
Me (Q1; Q3)2 [2; 3]2 [2; 3] 1 [1; 2]1 [1; 1]
Min–Max0–31–3 0–30–3
IRS score (A × B) 0.415 0.009
Me (Q1; Q3)8 [6; 12]8 [6; 9] 4 [3; 6]3 [2; 4]
Min–Max0–122–12 0–120–12
Expression level: 0.308 0.012
Low expression (1–7 score), n (%)19 (25)25 (32.5) 52 (74.3)65 (90.3)
High expression (8–12 score), n (%)57 (75)52 (67.5) 18 (25.7)7 (9.7)
Table 4. Correlation analysis between IL-17A and IL-17RA expression in prostate and metastatic lymph node assessed in IRS score and quantitative variables. BMI—body mass index, PSA—prostate-specific antigen, EAU—European Association of Urology, %—percentage, GGG ISUP—International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) 2014 grade (group) system.
Table 4. Correlation analysis between IL-17A and IL-17RA expression in prostate and metastatic lymph node assessed in IRS score and quantitative variables. BMI—body mass index, PSA—prostate-specific antigen, EAU—European Association of Urology, %—percentage, GGG ISUP—International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) 2014 grade (group) system.
IL-17AIL-17RA
ProstateMetastatic Lymph NodeProstateMetastatic Lymph Node
rhoprhoprhoprhop
Preoperative PSA (ng/mL)0.0330.7780.0270.8130.0570.6230.1000.387
Affected lymph nodes (%)−0.0070.9520.3120.0060.1000.3850.1440.211
Age (years)−0.0370.752−0.0370.7490.0470.6820.0190.873
BMI (kg/m2)0.2510.0280.0130.9120.0960.4040.0790.494
EAU risk group0.1590.1680.3760.0010.0510.6600.2290.045
Postoperative GGG ISUP−0.0200.8620.1460.205−0.1110.335−0.0230.841
Table 5. Number (percentage) of patients in groups differing in the level of IL-17A expression (based on IRS score) in the material from the prostate or metastatic lymph node, risk factors, and results of tests of independence. IRS—immunoreactive scale, n—number, %—percentage, pT—pathological tumor stage, ECE—extracapsular extension, NVI—neurovascular invasion, LVI—lymphovascular invasion, radical procedure—defined as a PSA level <0.1 ng/mL at the first measurement after radical prostatectomy.
Table 5. Number (percentage) of patients in groups differing in the level of IL-17A expression (based on IRS score) in the material from the prostate or metastatic lymph node, risk factors, and results of tests of independence. IRS—immunoreactive scale, n—number, %—percentage, pT—pathological tumor stage, ECE—extracapsular extension, NVI—neurovascular invasion, LVI—lymphovascular invasion, radical procedure—defined as a PSA level <0.1 ng/mL at the first measurement after radical prostatectomy.
IL-17A Expression Level (IRS Score-Based)
VariablesExpression of IL-17A in
PROSTATE		Expression of IL-17A in
METASTATIC LYMPH NODE
Level of Expressionp-ValueLevel of Expressionp-Value
Low (N = 19)High (N = 57) Low (N = 25)High (N = 52)
n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)
pT3a and 3b15 (79.0%)51 (89.5%)0.25720 (80.0%)47 (90.4%)0.279
2a and 2c4 (21.0%)6 (10.5%)5 (20.0%)5 (9.6%)
ECE of prostateYes16 (84.2%)49 (86.0%)1.00018 (72.0%)48 (92.3%)0.033
No3 (15.8%)8 (14.0%)7 (28.0%)4 (7.7%)
Resection marginPositive11 (57.9%)42 (73.7%)0.25118 (72.0%)36 (69.2%)0.986
Negative8 (42.1%)15 (26.3%)7 (28.0%)16 (30.8%)
ECE of lymph nodeYes6 (31.6%)13 (22.8%)0.5433 (12.0%)16 (30.8%)0.094
No13 (68.4%)44 (77.2%)22 (88.0%)36 (69.2%)
NVIYes16 (100.0%)53 (98.2%)1.00020 (95.2%)50 (100.0%)0.296
No0 (0.0%)1 (1.8%)1 (4.8%)0 (0.0%)
LVIYes12 (80.0%)44 (78.6%)1.00016 (69.6%)41 (83.7%)0.288
No3 (20.0%)12 (21.4%)7 (30.4%)8 (16.3%)
Radical procedureYes7 (43.8%)28 (58.3%)0.38912 (57.1%)24 (54.5%)0.944
No9 (56.3%)20 (41.7%)9 (42.9%)20 (45.5%)
Expression of IL-17A in metastatic lymph nodeLow8 (42.1%)16 (28.1%)0.287XXXXXX
High11 (57.9%)41 (71.9%)XXXX
Expression of IL-17A in prostateLowXXXXXX8 (33.3%)11 (21.2%)0.178
HighXXXX16 (66.7%)41 (78.8%)
Table 6. Number (percentage) of patients in groups differing in the level of IL-17RA expression (based on IRS score) in the material from the prostate or metastatic lymph node, risk factors, and results of tests of independence. IRS—immunoreactive scale, n—number, %—percentage, pT—pathological tumor stage, ECE—extracapsular extension, NVI—neurovascular invasion, LVI—lymphovascular invasion, radical procedure—defined as a PSA level <0.1 ng/mL at the first measurement after radical prostatectomy.
Table 6. Number (percentage) of patients in groups differing in the level of IL-17RA expression (based on IRS score) in the material from the prostate or metastatic lymph node, risk factors, and results of tests of independence. IRS—immunoreactive scale, n—number, %—percentage, pT—pathological tumor stage, ECE—extracapsular extension, NVI—neurovascular invasion, LVI—lymphovascular invasion, radical procedure—defined as a PSA level <0.1 ng/mL at the first measurement after radical prostatectomy.
IL-17RA Expression Level (IRS Score-Based)
VariablesExpression of IL-17RA in
PROSTATE		Expression of IL-17RA in
METASTATIC LYMPH NODE
Level of Expressionp-ValueLevel of Expressionp-Value
Low (N = 52)High (N = 18) Low (N = 65)High (N = 7)
n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)
pT3a and 3b45 (86.5%)16 (88.9%)1.00057 (87.7%)6 (85.7%)1.000
2a and 2c7 (13.5%)2 (11.1%)8 (12.3%)1 (14.3%)
ECE of prostateYes47 (90.4%)14 (77.8%)0.22258 (89.2%)5 (71.4%)0.209
No5 (9.6%)4 (22.2%)7 (10.8%)2 (28.6%)
Resection marginPositive37 (71.2%)13 (72.2%)1.00045 (69.2%)6 (85.7%)0.665
Negative15 (28.8%)5 (27.8%)20 (30.8%)1 (14.3%)
ECE of lymph nodeYes13 (25.0%)3 (16.7%)0.74513 (20.0%)5 (71.4%)0.009
No39 (75.0%)15 (83.3%)52 (80.0%)2 (28.6%)
NVIYes45 (97.8%)18 (100.0%)1.00059 (100.0%)7 (100.0%)1.000
No1 (2.2%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
LVIYes40 (81.6%)12 (70.6%)0.49148 (80.0%)6 (85.7%)1.000
No9 (18.4%)5 (29.4%)12 (20.0%)1 (14.3%)
Radical procedureYes25 (58.1%)8 (50.0%)0.76931 (57.4%)2 (33.3%)0.394
No18 (41.9%)8 (50.0%)23 (42.6%)4 (66.7%)
Expression of IL-17RA in metastatic lymph nodeLow43 (87.8%)16 (94.1%)0.667XXXXXX
High6 (12.2%)1 (5.9%)XXXX
Expression of IL-17RA in prostateLowXXXXXX43 (72.9%)6 (85.7%)0.667
HighXXXX16 (27.1%)1 (14.3%)
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kiełb, P.; Kaczorowski, M.; Kowalczyk, K.; Piotrowska, A.; Nowak, Ł.; Krajewski, W.; Chorbińska, J.; Dudek, K.; Dzięgiel, P.; Hałoń, A.; et al. Role of IL-17A and IL-17RA in Prostate Cancer with Lymph Nodes Metastasis: Expression Patterns and Clinical Significance. Cancers 2023, 15, 4578. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15184578

AMA Style

Kiełb P, Kaczorowski M, Kowalczyk K, Piotrowska A, Nowak Ł, Krajewski W, Chorbińska J, Dudek K, Dzięgiel P, Hałoń A, et al. Role of IL-17A and IL-17RA in Prostate Cancer with Lymph Nodes Metastasis: Expression Patterns and Clinical Significance. Cancers. 2023; 15(18):4578. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15184578

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kiełb, Paweł, Maciej Kaczorowski, Kamil Kowalczyk, Aleksandra Piotrowska, Łukasz Nowak, Wojciech Krajewski, Joanna Chorbińska, Krzysztof Dudek, Piotr Dzięgiel, Agnieszka Hałoń, and et al. 2023. "Role of IL-17A and IL-17RA in Prostate Cancer with Lymph Nodes Metastasis: Expression Patterns and Clinical Significance" Cancers 15, no. 18: 4578. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15184578

APA Style

Kiełb, P., Kaczorowski, M., Kowalczyk, K., Piotrowska, A., Nowak, Ł., Krajewski, W., Chorbińska, J., Dudek, K., Dzięgiel, P., Hałoń, A., Szydełko, T., & Małkiewicz, B. (2023). Role of IL-17A and IL-17RA in Prostate Cancer with Lymph Nodes Metastasis: Expression Patterns and Clinical Significance. Cancers, 15(18), 4578. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15184578

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop