Next Article in Journal
Advances in the Radiological Evaluation of and Theranostics for Glioblastoma
Next Article in Special Issue
Hematological Adverse Events with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Previous Article in Journal
The Long Non-Coding RNA ANRIL in Cancers
Previous Article in Special Issue
Front-Line Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Pediatric Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Study on Efficacy and Safety
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Cancers
Volume 15
Issue 16
10.3390/cancers15164161
cancers-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

A Multicenter Retrospective Chart Review Study of Treatment and Disease Patterns and Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Chronic-Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Third-Line Treatment or with T315I Mutation

by
Franck-Emmanuel Nicolini
1,2,*,
Françoise Huguet
2,3,
Lynn Huynh
4,
Churong Xu
5,
Christophe Bouvier
1,2,
Aurore Yocolly
6 and
Gabriel Etienne
2,7
1
Centre Léon Bérard, 69373 Lyon, France
2
Fi-LMC Group, 69437 Lyon, France
3
Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulose—Oncopole, 31100 Toulouse, France
4
Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA 02199, USA
5
Analysis Group, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90071, USA
6
Novartis Services, Inc., East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
7
Institut Bergonié, 33076 Bordeaux, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2023, 15(16), 4161; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15164161
Submission received: 8 July 2023 / Revised: 6 August 2023 / Accepted: 13 August 2023 / Published: 18 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inhibitors in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Many patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) treated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) experience disease progression and switch to another TKI, but each switch yields diminishing returns. To gain insight into the burden of repeated TKI treatment failures, this study analyzed the characteristics, treatment and disease patterns, and outcomes of adult patients with CP-CML in France whose disease progressed after treatment with two or more TKIs between 2006 and 2021. Patients switched TKIs up to six times; in many cases, treatment with the first and second TKIs lasted <2 years. On the other hand, patients who showed a good response to their third TKI had a lower risk of death. These findings provide a broad view of CP-CML treatment in France over the last 15 years and highlight the need for more effective therapies early in the treatment course that can improve outcomes for patients with CP-CML.

Abstract

This retrospective chart review study investigated the clinical burden of adult patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) treated at three centers in France (2006–2021) who failed on two or more tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs; third-line [3L]+ cohort) or harbored the BCR::ABL1 T315I mutation (T315I cohort). In the 3L+ cohort (N = 157; median age at diagnosis, 56 years), TKIs received in 3L (median duration: 17 months) were dasatinib (32%), nilotinib (19%), imatinib (18%), ponatinib (17%), and bosutinib (14%). Of the 145 patients with documented responses in 3L, 42% experienced major molecular response (MMR) at 12 months. Median event-free survival [95% confidence interval] was 53.6 [44.0, 67.5] months, and median progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) were not reached. Achieving MMR in 3L was associated with a decreased mortality risk. In the T315I cohort (N = 17; 52 years), 41% of patients received five or more lines of therapy. Following identification of the T315I mutation, ponatinib was the most common TKI used (59%); the median [interquartile range] OS was 5 [3–10] years. The most common adverse events were infections (3L+ cohort) and thrombocytopenia (T315I cohort) (both 18%). Well-tolerated therapies that achieve durable responses are needed in 3L or earlier to improve CP-CML prognosis.

1. Introduction

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is usually diagnosed in the chronic phase (CP) and can progress through the accelerated phase to blast crisis without effective treatment [1,2]. Although CML mortality has declined over the last two decades, the prevalence has increased [3]. The longer survival of patients and need for lifelong treatment has resulted in a greater disease burden on patients and society due to the negative impacts on quality of life (QoL) and adverse events (AEs) associated with traditionally used treatments.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the frontline treatment for CML and have dramatically modified the disease course and clinical outcomes of patients [4]. The first TKI to be approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) was imatinib in November 2001; this was followed by the approval of the second-generation TKIs dasatinib in November 2006, nilotinib in November 2007, and bosutinib in March 2013, as well as the third-generation TKI ponatinib in July 2013 [5]. All are indicated for patients with previous TKI exposure, and imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib are also indicated in the frontline setting [6,7,8,9,10]. Despite the survival benefits conferred by TKIs, high rates of switching between TKIs—mainly due to intolerance or the development of resistance—have been reported in both clinical trials [11,12,13] and real-world studies [14,15,16,17,18]. In a retrospective study examining the treatment patterns of patients with CML in the United Kingdom (UK) between January 2013 and June 2018, 44% of patients had at least one TKI switch during the study period and 21% switched three or more times [17]; moreover, in an administrative database study conducted in Italy (January 2015–December 2018), treatment switching was observed in 26% of patients with three or more lines of treatment [14].
European LeukemiaNet (ELN) [19] and European Society for Medical Oncology [20] guidelines recommend that patients with CML who have failed ≥2 prior TKIs switch to an alternative second- or third-generation TKI in order to achieve an early and sustained molecular response (MR), which predicts longer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) [21]. However, the disease burden of CML has been shown to increase with each TKI treatment failure, as reflected by the greater use of medical services [22], with corresponding decreases in the probability of attaining an MR and long-term survival [16,23,24,25]. In particular, patients with the T315I mutation of the breakpoint cluster region–Abelson murine leukemia (BCR::ABL1) gene have a worse prognosis than those in the same phase of disease but lacking the mutation, and emergence of the T315I mutation in CP was shown to be associated with shorter OS, PFS, and failure-free survival [26].
To gain insight into the clinical burden associated with multi-TKI failure and the unmet therapeutic needs of patients with CML-CP, this study examined the characteristics, treatment patterns, and clinical outcomes of patients at three clinical centers in France who failed on at least two prior TKIs or who harbored the T315I mutation.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Design

This retrospective, multicenter chart review study was conducted at three large clinical reference institutions for CML in France (Centre Léon Bérard, Hématologie Institut Bergonié, and Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse) and included patients with CML-CP who received three or more lines of therapy (3L+ cohort) or harbored the T315I mutation (T315I cohort) between 2006 and 2021. The patients received TKIs through international clinical trials or licensed or compassionate use. A schematic illustration of the study design is shown in Supplemental Figure S1. The index date for the 3L+ cohort was the date of initiation of 3L therapy. For the T315I cohort, the index date was defined as the date of treatment initiation after identification of the T315I mutation. The baseline (i.e., pre-index) period to describe patient clinical characteristics was defined as the 6 months preceding the index date, and the post-index follow-up period was the time from the index date to the date of last patient contact or patient death. Patients who were alive at the end of the follow-up period were censored at the date of last contact.

2.2. Study Population

Patients were eligible for inclusion in the study if they were aged ≥18 years at the time of CML-CP diagnosis. For the 3L+ cohort, additional inclusion criteria were the initiation of 3L therapy consisting of a TKI (bosutinib, dasatinib, imatinib, nilotinib, or ponatinib) or allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) after failing second-line therapy (2L). Additional inclusion criteria for the T315I cohort were the presence of the T315I mutation and receipt of TKI treatment or allo-SCT.
Exclusion criteria were as follows: history of other active malignancies within 3 years before CML-CP diagnosis; record of anticancer therapy for any other malignancies before initiation of 3L therapy or at the time of treatment initiation following identification of T315I mutation; and enrolment in a clinical trial at either of these time points.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics, treatment patterns/sequences, clinical outcomes, and AEs. Results are expressed as means (with standard deviations [SDs] and medians) or as frequencies (with proportions). For clinical outcomes, the cumulative incidence of patients achieving MR was summarized at specific time points. Event-free survival (EFS; where events included death, progression to accelerated phase or blast phase, treatment failure, and treatment discontinuation for any reason, whichever occurred first [19]), time to MR, time from 3L initiation to treatment discontinuation (TTD), PFS, and OS from 3L initiation in the 3L+ cohort were evaluated with the Kaplan–Meier (KM) method. Analyses of OS stratified by EUTOS long-term survival (ELTS) risk score and 2L resistance/intolerance status were also performed. An adjusted multivariate Cox proportional hazards model that included the following variables was used to identify prognostic factors impacting EFS and OS: age at index date, male sex, ELTS risk score at CML-CP diagnosis, number of comorbidities, additional chromosomal abnormalities at CML-CP diagnosis, achievement of major MR (MMR) in 3L, treatment with ponatinib, reason for terminating 2L was resistance or lack of efficacy, and reason for terminating 2L was intolerance or management of AEs.

3. Results

3.1. Patient Characteristics

The baseline characteristics of the 3L+ cohort (N = 157, 56.1% male) and T315I cohort (N = 17, 76.5% male) are shown in Table 1. The mean (SD) age at CML-CP diagnosis was 52.8 (15.7) and 51.1 (16.3) years, respectively. Comorbidities were reported in 137/157 patients in the 3L+ cohort (Supplemental Table S1). The mean (SD) number of comorbid conditions before the index date was 2.2 (1.8); the three most frequently observed comorbidities were cardiovascular diseases (54.8%), pulmonary disease/pulmonary arterial hypertension (21.7%), and gastrointestinal issues (13.4%). Among the 89 patients (56.7%) assessed for BCR::ABL1 genetic mutations at 3L initiation, the most common mutations found were T315I (7.9%), F359I (3.4%), and M244V (3.4%). The T315I cohort included the seven aforementioned patients in the 3L+ cohort with the T315I mutation; most patients in this cohort (41.2%) were classified as high risk at CML-CP diagnosis based on the ELTS risk score.

3.2. Treatment Patterns/Sequences

Patients in the 3L+ cohort had, on average, 3.6 (0.9) lines of therapy; 36.9% had ≥4 lines and 15.9% had ≥5 lines (Figure 1A). Patients were on 3L therapy for a median time of 17.0 months; the median (95% confidence interval [CI]) TTD in the KM analysis was 55.0 (46.7, 74.6) months (Supplemental Table S2). The most common treatment received in 3L was dasatinib (31.8%), followed by nilotinib (19.1%), imatinib (17.8%), ponatinib (16.6%), bosutinib (14.0%), and allo-SCT (0.6%) (Figure 1A). The most frequent treatment sequence starting from the first line (1L) was imatinib→nilotinib→dasatinib (17.2%) and imatinib→dasatinib→nilotinib (9.6%). Dasatinib was the most frequently used TKI in the last line of therapy (23.6%). Approximately 50% of patients discontinued treatment; the most common reasons for 3L discontinuation were AEs or intolerance (54/78 [69.2%]), resistance (18/78 [23.1%]), and signs of ineffectiveness (14/78 [17.9%]).
The T315I mutation was identified in 2L (n = 6, 35.3%), 3L (n = 5, 29.4%), 4L (n = 4, 23.5%), and 5L (n = 2, 11.8%). Patients with the T315I mutation had, on average, 3.9 (1.5) lines of therapy; 52.9% had ≥4 lines and 41.2% had ≥5 lines (Figure 1B). The mean (SD) duration of the line of therapy identified as the T315I line of interest for patients in the T315I cohort was 18.5 (20.6) months (Supplemental Table S3). Treatments received by these patients were ponatinib (58.8%), dasatinib (17.6%), asciminib (11.8%), and allo-SCT (11.8%) (Figure 1B). The most common treatment sequences were imatinib→dasatinib→ponatinib (17.6%), and nilotinib→ponatinib (11.8%). In the last line of therapy, the most common treatments were ponatinib (n = 7, 41%) and asciminib (n = 3, 18%) through compassionate use or clinical trials. Nearly two-thirds of patients (64.7%) discontinued treatment; the most common reasons for discontinuation were AEs or intolerance (9/11 [81.8%]), resistance (4/11 [36.4%]), and signs of ineffectiveness (2/11 [18.2%]).

3.3. Clinical Outcomes

3.3.1. Molecular Response

During 3L therapy, 54.8% of patients (n = 86) showed a complete cytogenetic response (CCyR; defined as an absence of Philadelphia chromosome-positive metaphases as measured by bone marrow cytogenetics). Of the patients with documented responses in 3L (N = 145), over half (54.5%) achieved MMR in 3L in a median time of 20.8 months; over one-third (40%) achieved MR4.0 in a median time of 57.6 months, and 24.8% achieved MR4.5 with median time to event not reached (Figure 2). The rate of MMR, MR4.0, and MR4.5 at 12 months was 42%, 26%, and 14%, respectively. Sustained MR4.0 (defined as achieving MR4.0 or better [i.e., BCR::ABL1 ≤ 0.01%] in all consecutive assessments performed for at least 12 months [i.e., 365.25 days]) was achieved by 33.1% of patients for a median duration of 87.1 months, and sustained MR4.5 (defined as achieving MR4.5 or better [i.e., BCR::ABL1 ≤ 0.0032%] in all consecutive assessments performed for at least 2 years [i.e., 730.5 days]) was achieved by 11.7% of patients for a median duration of 134.2 months. Treatment-free remission (TFR) was observed in 16 patients (10.2%) in 3L (median duration: 45.3 months). Among the 16 patients in TFR, five (31.3%) were intolerant to 3L TKI.
Among patients with T315I mutation, seven achieved MMR (three patients in 2L and four in 3L), three achieved MR4.0 (one patient in 2L and two in 3L), and none achieved MR4.5. No patient in this cohort initiated TFR.

3.3.2. Survival

The survival outcomes of patients in the 3L+ cohort are shown in Figure 3. The overall median EFS was 53.6 months (95% CI: 44.0, 67.5 months). Overall median PFS and OS were not reached as of data collection for all patients in the 3L+ cohort; 19 patients (12.1%) had died as of data abstraction due to disease progression (n = 7 [36.8%]), toxicity (n = 1 [5.3%]), or other reasons (n = 10 [52.6%]) including bacterial infection, cardiac complications of renal failure, cardiac insufficiency, congestive heart failure, diabetes, general impairment, sepsis, stroke, and unclassified infection. The cause of death was unknown in one patient. In a subgroup analysis of patients in the 3L+ cohort with intermediate ELTS risk (vs. patients with high, low, and not assessed/unknown risk), the median OS (95% CI) was 102.4 (102.4, not reached) months.
Factors significantly impacting EFS and OS in the 3L+ cohort were evaluated in a multivariate Cox regression model adjusted for key demographic and clinically relevant characteristics including age at index date, sex, ELTS risk score at CP-CML diagnosis, number of comorbidities, additional chromosomal abnormalities at CP-CML diagnosis, achievement of MMR in 3L, receipt of ponatinib, lack of efficacy as the reason for terminating 2L therapy, and intolerance or management of AEs as the reason for terminating 2L therapy (Table 2). For each additional year of age at the index date, patients had a 2% higher risk of an event (i.e., disease progression; hazard ratio [HR] = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.04) and 7% higher risk of death (HR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.13) after adjusting for all other covariates (both p < 0.05). In terms of clinically relevant characteristics, patients with additional chromosomal abnormalities at CP-CML diagnosis had a 135% higher risk of an event (adjusted HR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.27, 4.34) and 602% higher risk of death (adjusted HR = 6.02, 95% CI: 1.78, 20.36) compared with patients without abnormalities (both p < 0.01). On the other hand, patients who achieved MMR in 3L had a 78% lower risk of an event (adjusted HR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.37; p < 0.001) and 90% lower risk of death (adjusted HR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.51; p < 0.01) than those not achieving MMR in 3L. There was no significant association between the other variables and EFS or OS.
Among patients with the T315I mutation, the median (range) OS since T315I identification was 5 (3–10) years; three patients (17.6%) had died as of data abstraction due to disease progression (n = 1 [33.3%]) or stroke-related reasons (n = 2 [66.7%]).

3.4. AEs in 3L

AEs were documented in 139/157 patients (89%) in the 3L+ cohort and 14/17 patients (82.4%) in the T315I cohort (Supplemental Table S4). Patients had, on average, 2.7 AEs during 3L therapy. The most common AEs were infections (17.8%), asthenia (13.4%), and abdominal pain (12.7%). Among patients with T315I mutation, thrombocytopenia (18%) was the most common AE.

4. Discussion

The introduction of TKIs targeting the tyrosine kinase activity of the BCR::ABL oncoprotein has transformed the management of CP-CML [27], increasing relative survival rates to a point where CML is no longer considered an incurable disease. Imatinib is the most frequently prescribed 1L TKI in France [28]; however, over half of patients with CP-CML develop resistance or intolerance to imatinib, and up to 40% who receive second-generation TKIs (dasatinib, nilotinib, or bosutinib) fail to show a deep MR (MR4.5) after 5 years [29,30,31]. Moreover, CP-CML patients harboring the T315I mutation are resistant to first- and second-generation TKIs [30]. To gain insight into the disease burden of these patient populations in France, this retrospective multicenter chart review study examined the characteristics, treatment patterns, and outcomes of real-world CP-CML patients who failed multiple lines of treatment with TKIs or who harbored the T315I mutation. Consistent with previous reports [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18], we found that a large proportion of patients switched to another treatment (after a median time of 17 and 11 months in the 3L+ and T315I cohorts, respectively) or discontinued treatment altogether (50% and 65%, respectively), mainly due to intolerance, resistance, and signs of ineffectiveness. Additionally, less than half of patients with documented responses had MR4.0 or MR4.5, and most patients experienced AEs. These results indicate that the therapeutic needs of patients with CP-CML in France are not being met by currently available TKIs.
The standard of care beyond 2L therapy is not well defined by CML treatment guidelines. ELN 2020 recommends any TKI that was not used in 1L or 2L for patients developing resistance and/or intolerance, with ponatinib being favored over second-generation TKIs for eligible patients, especially those with T315I mutation [20]. In the present study, dasatinib was the most frequently used TKI in 3L. It should be noted that nearly half of the patients (45%) in this study initiated 3L before bosutinib and ponatinib were eligible for reimbursement in France (February 2015 and June 2016, respectively). The rates observed in this study differ slightly from those reported in a noninterventional, descriptive cohort study based on CML registries in Czechia, the Netherlands, and Sweden [32]. This is expected given the different approval dates of TKIs across countries; in these patients, nilotinib was the most frequently prescribed TKI in third or later lines of therapy (45–60%), followed by dasatinib (17–38%), bosutinib (0–28%), and ponatinib (11–17%). The clinical benefits of TKI treatment have been shown to diminish with successive lines of therapy: for example, response rates to ponatinib were higher among CP-CML patients who had received fewer prior TKIs [33]. Although median PFS and OS were not reached in the 3L+ cohort after a mean follow-up of 66.9 months from the index date, among the 103 patients in this cohort who were tested for cytogenetic response, only 55% showed CCyR during 3L therapy; moreover, among the 145 patients who were tested for MR, only half had an MMR after a median time of 20.8 months, and less than one-quarter showed MR4.5. A shorter time to MMR with TKI treatment has been shown to predict a higher complete MR rate in CML patients [34], and MMR and CCyR have been suggested as surrogate endpoints for survival in studies of CML patients [35,36]. On the other hand, failure of 3L TKI therapy is associated with low response rates in subsequent lines of treatment and higher rates of disease progression and mortality [23,37]; among patients with CP-CML in the UK who failed 1L imatinib and 2L dasatinib or nilotinib, 35% showed a CCyR and 19% had MMR [24], with CyR to 1L imatinib or a 2L therapy being independent predictors of CCyR in 3L. Thus, improving response rates early in the treatment course may achieve better long-term outcomes.
As patients with CML live longer, an increasingly important aspect of patient care is QoL [38], which includes minimizing or adequately managing AEs. Although deep MRs are achieved more rapidly with second- and third-generation TKIs than with imatinib, the therapeutic benefit is accompanied by greater toxicity [5], which could influence treatment choices. Only half of the patients in the 3L+ cohort remained on 3L therapy at the time of data collection; in the majority of cases, patients discontinued 3L therapy because of AEs/intolerance (69%) and the development of resistance (23%), with an average of 2.7 AEs reported and most patients (89%) experiencing at least one AE during 3L therapy. Of particular concern for CML patients with comorbidities are cardiovascular AEs, which have been frequently reported in clinical trials and real-world studies of later-generation TKIs [39,40] and greatly limit the therapeutic options for patients with cardiovascular risk factors [30]. Patients in the 3L+ cohort had, on average, 2.2 comorbid conditions at the index date, with cardiovascular diseases being the most common (55%); moreover, 44% of patients had a cardiovascular risk factor, mainly hypertension and hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia. Therefore, alternative treatments that are safe for patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors—as well as for patients who have failed existing therapies—are needed. Several novel therapies including third-generation (olverembatinib [41,42] and vodobatinib [43,44]) and fourth-generation [45,46] TKIs are currently under investigation for third- or later-line treatment of CML, with some being evaluated for their efficacy in patients with the T315I mutation. Asciminib, the first BCR::ABL inhibitor targeting the myristoyl pocket rather than the ATP-binding site of the ABL kinase domain, was approved by the European Commission on 25 August 2022, for the treatment of patients with CP-CML after failure on two or more TKIs [47,48,49] (with approval not yet sought for patients with the T315I mutation). The efficacy and tolerability of asciminib in patients with CML-CP with multi-TKI failure have also been demonstrated in real-world studies conducted in various countries, where it has been available for compassionate use since 2016 [50,51,52,53,54].
The emergence of new mutations including T315I that reduce sensitivity to alternative TKIs after failure on imatinib has been reported during sequential TKI treatment [55]. The T315I mutation is associated with resistance to first- and second-generation TKIs [30] and poor survival outcomes [26,56]. The frequency of this mutation in CML patients who failed on imatinib (with or without previous interferon-α treatment) was found to range between 10% and 27% [26] and was 19% in a previous multicenter study conducted in France [57]. These rates are higher than what was observed in our study: of the 89 (57%) patients assessed for BCR::ABL1 mutations prior to 3L initiation, 8% had the T315I mutation. Just one patient with this mutation initiated a subsequent line of therapy before 2010. This low number may be explained by the fact that, in the 2009 ELN recommendations for CML management, allo-SCT was the only treatment option for patients who failed on imatinib [58]. In subsequent years, the proportion of patients initiating later lines of therapy increased markedly to 53% between 2010 and 2014 and to 41% between 2015 and 2019, possibly reflecting the 2013 approval of ponatinib by the EMA as the only TKI effective against the T315I mutation and its recommendation in 2013 ELN guidelines [19]. However, less than half of the patients in the T315I cohort (~40%) achieved MMR, which was similar to the proportion of patients in the 3L+ cohort. This suggests that, regardless of the TKI and lines of therapy received, patients who develop the T315I mutation have as much need for more effective treatment options as those who fail on three or more TKIs.
This study had certain limitations that should be noted. As with all retrospective nonrandomized studies, the analyses may have been affected by uncontrolled confounding; reporting, selection, or recall bias; or nonrandom missing data. The occurrence of positive selection bias was limited by the inclusion of data from eligible patients (currently living or deceased) up until the date of last contact or date of death. Additionally, to mitigate potential inconsistencies in treatment responses among subjects across the three clinical centers, the responses were recorded using the IS. Any data that were not recorded in patient charts were not included in the database for analysis; consequently, data on comorbidities and AEs may have been missing for some patients. Finally, the three clinical sites included in the study may not be representative of the 75 clinical sites in France or those in other countries with different reimbursement or practice patterns, which could limit the generalizability of the findings.

5. Conclusions

The results of this study provide a broad perspective of CP-CML management in France over the last 15 years. During this period, treatment patterns have evolved according to the changing therapeutic landscape for CML as well as physicians’ experiences in treating patients in real-world practice settings. CP-CML patients at three medical centers in France who were treated with three or more lines of therapy received up to seven lines of therapy, and those harboring the T315I mutation received up to six lines. Earlier lines of treatment lasted less than 2 years in CML-CP patients in 3L and less than 1 year in those harboring the T315I mutation, indicating an enduring disease burden and poor prognosis in these patients with traditional TKIs. Separately, this study found that, after adjusting for key clinical variables, achieving MMR in 3L was associated with a lower risk of mortality, which can serve as an important indicator for long-term clinical benefits. These findings underscore the need for novel therapies in 3L or earlier in the treatment course that are well tolerated and can achieve durable responses to improve the prognosis of patients with CP-CML.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/cancers15164161/s1, Table S1. Comorbidities in patients with CML-CP with three or more lines of therapy, Table S2. Treatment patterns of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who received third-line therapy, Table S3. Treatment patterns of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia with T315I mutation, Table S4. Adverse events during third-line treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia, Figure S1. Study design scheme.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.-E.N., F.H., L.H., A.Y. and G.E.; Data curation, F.-E.N., F.H., L.H., C.X., C.B. and G.E.; Formal analysis, L.H. and C.X.; Funding acquisition, L.H. and A.Y.; Investigation, F.-E.N., F.H., L.H., A.Y. and G.E.; Methodology, F.H., L.H., A.Y. and G.E.; Project administration, F.-E.N., F.H., L.H., C.B., A.Y. and G.E.; Resources, F.-E.N., F.H., L.H., C.B., A.Y. and G.E.; Supervision, F.-E.N., F.H., L.H., A.Y. and G.E.; Validation, L.H. and C.X.; Visualization, C.X.; Writing—original draft, F.-E.N., F.H., L.H., C.X., C.B., A.Y. and G.E.; Writing—review and editing, F.-E.N., F.H., L.H., C.X., C.B., A.Y. and G.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Financial support for this research was provided by Novartis Services, Inc. The study sponsor was involved in several aspects of the research including study design, data interpretation, manuscript writing, and the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study was approved by the Centre Léon Bérard local ethics committee on 23 September 2020. Institutional Review Board approval was not required as it was a retrospective chart review of deidentified patient data.

Informed Consent Statement

According to French law, living patients included in this study provided, in writing, their non-opposition (i.e., written, informed consent) for the use of their data after receiving information regarding the study. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05619978).

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available because they were used pursuant to a data use agreement.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Ryan Simpson, an employee of Analysis Group, Inc., for assistance with data validation. Medical writing assistance was provided by Janice Imai, an employee of Analysis Group, Inc., which provided paid consulting services to Novartis Services, Inc., for the development and conduct of this study and manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

F.E.N. is a consultant for Sun Pharma and Novartis; speaker for Incyte Biosciences and Novartis; and board member of Incyte Biosciences, Novartis, and Pfizer; and has received institutional grants from Incyte Biosciences and Novartis. F.H. is a consultant and speaker for Novartis, Pfizer, and Incyte Biosciences. L.H. and C.X. are employees of Analysis Group, Inc., a consulting company that has received research funds from Novartis Services, Inc. C.B. has no conflicts of interest to disclose. A.Y. is an employee of and holds stock with Novartis. G.E. is a consultant and speaker for Novartis, Pfizer, and Incyte Biosciences.

References

  1. Hoffmann, V.S.; Baccarani, M.; Hasford, J.; Castagnetti, F.; Di Raimondo, F.; Casado, L.F.; Turkina, A.; Zackova, D.; Ossenkoppele, G.; Zaritskey, A.; et al. Treatment and outcome of 2904 CML patients from the EUTOS population-based registry. Leukemia 2017, 31, 593–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Radich, J. Major progress in understanding progression in chronic myeloid leukemia. J. Exp. Med. 2015, 212, 1482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Hu, Y.; Li, Q.; Hou, M.; Peng, J.; Yang, X.; Xu, S. Magnitude and Temporal Trend of the Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: On the Basis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. JCO Glob. Oncol. 2021, 7, 1429–1441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. García-Gutiérrez, V.; Hernández-Boluda, J.C. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Available for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Efficacy and Safety. Front. Oncol. 2019, 9, 603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Vener, C.; Banzi, R.; Ambrogi, F.; Ferrero, A.; Saglio, G.; Pravettoni, G.; Sant, M. First-line imatinib vs second- and third-generation TKIs for chronic-phase CML: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Adv. 2020, 4, 2723–2735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Glivec (Imatinib). Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency. Updated on 5 April 2022. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/glivec (accessed on 22 November 2022).
  7. Tasigna (Nilotinib). Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency. Updated on 26 October 2022. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/tasigna (accessed on 22 November 2022).
  8. Sprycel (Dasatinib). Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency. Updated on 17 June 2022. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/sprycel (accessed on 22 November 2022).
  9. Bosulif (Bosutinib). Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency. Updated on 9 June 2022. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/bosulif (accessed on 22 November 2022).
  10. Iclusig (Ponatinib). Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency. Updated on 21 October 2022. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/iclusig (accessed on 22 November 2022).
  11. Gambacorti-Passerini, C.; Chen, C.; Davis, C.; Sen, G.P.; Guyan, C.; Hehlmann, R.; Michallet, M.; Paquette, R.; Goldberg, S.L. Treatment patterns and clinical outcomes of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic-phase CML in clinical practice: 3-year European SIMPLICITY data. Eur. J. Haematol. 2021, 106, 82–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Hehlmann, R.; Cortes, J.E.; Zyczynski, T.; Gambacorti-Passerini, C.; Goldberg, S.L.; Mauro, M.J.; Michallet, M.; Simonsson, B.; Williams, L.A.; Gajavelli, S.; et al. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor interruptions, discontinuations and switching in patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia in routine clinical practice: SIMPLICITY. Am. J. Hematol. 2019, 94, 46–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Yeung, D.T.; Osborn, M.P.; White, D.L.; Branford, S.; Braley, J.; Herschtal, A.; Kornhauser, M.; Issa, S.; Hiwase, D.K.; Hertzberg, M.; et al. TIDEL-II: First-line use of imatinib in CML with early switch to nilotinib for failure to achieve time-dependent molecular targets. Blood 2015, 125, 915–923. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Breccia, M.; Chiodi, F.; Nardozza, A.P.; Valsecchi, D.; Perrone, V.; Sangiorgi, D.; Giacomini, E.; Rendace, M.C.; Coco, P.; Premoli, E.; et al. Real-World Analysis of the Therapeutic Management and Disease Burden in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients with Later Lines in Italy. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 3597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Busque, L.; Harnois, M.; Szuber, N.; Delage, R.; Mollica, L.; Olney, H.; Laneuville, P.; Sirhan, S.; Cournoyer, G.; Chamakhi, I.; et al. Québec CML Research Group analysis of treatment patterns in chronic myelogenous leukemia: Switching is driven by intolerance and similar across tyrosine kinase inhibitors and lines of treatment (S159). HemaSphere 2022, 6, 60–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Kong, J.H.; Winton, E.F.; Heffner, L.T.; Gaddh, M.; Hill, B.; Neely, J.; Hatcher, A.; Joseph, M.; Arellano, M.; El-Rassi, F.; et al. Outcomes of Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia after Treatment with Multiple Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Milojkovic, D.; Cross, N.C.P.; Ali, S.; Byrne, J.; Campbell, G.; Dignan, F.L.; Drummond, M.; Huntly, B.; Marshall, S.; McMullin, M.F.; et al. Real-world tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment pathways, monitoring patterns and responses in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in the United Kingdom: The UK TARGET CML study. Br. J. Haematol. 2020, 192, 62–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Saußele, S.; Kohlbrenner, K.; Vogelmann, T.; Schubert, T. Incidence, Prevalence, and Real-World Treatment Patterns in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Results from a Population-Representative German Claims Data Analysis. Oncol. Res. Treat. 2022, 45, 400–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Baccarani, M.; Deininger, M.W.; Rosti, G.; Hochhaus, A.; Soverini, S.; Apperley, J.F.; Cervantes, F.; Clark, R.E.; Cortes, J.E.; Guilhot, F.; et al. European LeukemiaNet recommendations for the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: 2013. Blood 2013, 122, 872–884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Hochhaus, A.; Baccarani, M.; Silver, R.T.; Schiffer, C.; Apperley, J.F.; Cervantes, F.; Clark, R.E.; Cortes, J.E.; Deininger, M.W.; Guilhot, F.; et al. European LeukemiaNet 2020 recommendations for treating chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2020, 34, 966–984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Branford, S. Why is it critical to achieve a deep molecular response in chronic myeloid leukemia? Haematologica 2020, 105, 2730–2737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. McGarry, L.J.; Chen, Y.J.; Divino, V.; Pokras, S.; Taylor, C.R.; Munakata, J.; Nieset, C.C.; Huang, H.; Jabbour, E.; Malone, D.C. Increasing economic burden of tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment failure by line of therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 2016, 32, 289–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Garg, R.J.; Kantarjian, H.; O’Brien, S.; Quintás-Cardama, A.; Faderl, S.; Estrov, Z.; Cortes, J. The use of nilotinib or dasatinib after failure to 2 prior tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Long-term follow-up. Blood 2009, 114, 4361–4368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Ibrahim, A.R.; Paliompeis, C.; Bua, M.; Milojkovic, D.; Szydlo, R.; Khorashad, J.S.; Foroni, L.; Reid, A.; de Lavallade, H.; Rezvani, K.; et al. Efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as third-line therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase who have failed 2 prior lines of TKI therapy. Blood 2010, 116, 5497–5500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Khoury, H.J.; Cortes, J.E.; Kantarjian, H.M.; Gambacorti-Passerini, C.; Baccarani, M.; Kim, D.-W.; Zaritskey, A.; Countouriotis, A.; Besson, N.; Leip, E.; et al. Bosutinib is active in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia after imatinib and dasatinib and/or nilotinib therapy failure. Blood 2012, 119, 3403–3412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Soverini, S.; Branford, S.; Nicolini, F.E.; Talpaz, M.; Deininger, M.W.; Martinelli, G.; Müller, M.C.; Radich, J.P.; Shah, N.P. Implications of BCR-ABL1 kinase domain-mediated resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk. Res. 2014, 38, 10–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Penot, A.; Preux, P.-M.; Le Guyader, S.; Collignon, A.; Herry, A.; Dufour, V.; Monnereau, A.; Woronoff, A.-S.; Troussard, X.; Pons, E.; et al. Incidence of chronic myeloid leukemia and patient survival: Results of five French population-based cancer registries 1980–2009. Leuk. Lymphoma 2015, 56, 1771–1777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Huguet, F.; Cayuela, J.; Cambier, N.; Carpentier, N.; Tindel, M.; Violet, I.; Zunic, P.; Lascaux, A.; Etienne, G.; Innocent, A.D.; et al. Nilotinib efficacy, safety, adherence and impact on quality of life in newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase: A prospective observational study in daily clinical practice. Br. J. Haematol. 2019, 187, 615–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Brümmendorf, T.H.; Cortes, J.E.; Milojkovic, D.; Gambacorti-Passerini, C.; Clark, R.E.; le Coutre, P.D.; Garcia-Gutiérrez, V.; Chuah, C.; Kota, V.; Lipton, J.H.; et al. Bosutinib (BOS) Versus Imatinib for Newly Diagnosed Chronic Phase (CP) Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Final 5-Year Results from the Bfore Trial. Blood 2020, 136, 41–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Cortes, J.; Lang, F. Third-line therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia: Current status and future directions. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2021, 14, 44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Hochhaus, A.; Saglio, G.; Hughes, T.P.; Larson, R.A.; Kim, D.W.; Issaragrisil, S.; Le Coutre, P.D.; Etienne, G.; Dorlhiac-Llacer, P.E.; Clark, R.E.; et al. Long-term benefits and risks of frontline nilotinib vs imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: 5-year update of the randomized ENESTnd trial. Leukemia 2016, 30, 1044–1054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Dahlen, T.; Kockerols, C.; Ferreira, G.; Westerweel, P.E.; Mayer, J.; Sahmoud, T.; Wormser, D.; Yau, L.; Žácková, D. Treatment Patterns in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Chronic Phase in the Third Line of TKI Therapy and Beyond Based on Real-World Evidence. Blood 2021, 138, 1485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Hochhaus, A.; Cortes, J.E.; Kim, N.-W.; Pinilla-Ibarz, J.; Le Coutre, P.D.; Paquette, R.; Chuah, C.; Nicolini, F.E.; Apperley, J.F.; Khoury, H.J.; et al. Efficacy and Safety of Ponatinib in CP-CML Patients By Number of Prior Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: 4-Year Follow-up of the Phase 2 PACE Trial. Blood 2015, 126, 4025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Michallet, M.; Sobh, M.; Morisset, S.; Etienne, M.; Gadolet, E.; Labussiere, H.; Hayette, S.; Nicolini, F.E. Shorter Time to Achieve a Major Molecular Response (MMR) Is Predictive of a Faster Complete Molecular Response in CML: A Study of Characteristics and Outcomes of a Cohort of CML Patients in MMR. Blood 2011, 118, 1691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Akwaa, F.; Liesveld, J. Surrogate end points for long-term outcomes in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk. Lymphoma 2013, 54, 2103–2111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Oriana, C.; Martin, H.; Toby, P.; Chris, C.; Ruth, G.; Claudius, R.; Rod, T. Complete Cytogenetic Response and Major Molecular Response as Surrogate Outcomes for Overall Survival in First-Line Treatment of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: A Case Study for Technology Appraisal on the Basis of Surrogate Outcomes Evidence. Value Health 2013, 16, 1081–1090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Cortes, J.E.; Khoury, H.J.; Kantarjian, H.M.; Lipton, J.H.; Kim, D.; Schafhausen, P.; Matczak, E.; Leip, E.; Noonan, K.; Brümmendorf, T.H.; et al. Long-term bosutinib for chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia after failure of imatinib plus dasatinib and/or nilotinib. Am. J. Hematol. 2016, 91, 1206–1214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Foulon, S.; Cony-Makhoul, P.; Guerci-Bresler, A.; Daban, M.; Kapso, R.; Tubert-Bitter, P.; Bonastre, J. Health state utility and quality of life measures in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in France. Qual. Life Res. 2021, 30, 2021–2032. [Google Scholar]
  39. Jain, P.; Kantarjian, H.; Boddu, P.C.; Nogueras-González, G.M.; Verstovsek, S.; Garcia-Manero, G.; Borthakur, G.; Sasaki, K.; Kadia, T.M.; Sam, P.; et al. Analysis of cardiovascular and arteriothrombotic adverse events in chronic-phase CML patients after frontline TKIs. Blood Adv. 2019, 3, 851–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Santoro, M.; Mancuso, S.; Accurso, V.; Di Lisi, D.; Novo, G.; Siragusa, S. Cardiovascular Issues in Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Treatments for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Review. Front. Physiol. 2021, 12, 675811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Treatment with Olverembatinib in CML-CP Patients Who Failed to at Least Two Previously Administered Second-Generation TKIs. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05311943. Updated 29 July 2022. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05311943 (accessed on 15 December 2022).
  42. Jiang, Q.; Huang, X.; Chen, Z.; Niu, Q.; Shi, D.; Li, Z.; Hou, Y.; Hu, Y.; Li, W.; Liu, X.; et al. Novel BCR-ABL1 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) HQP1351 (Olverembatinib) Is Efficacious and Well Tolerated in Patients with T315I-Mutated Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Results of Pivotal (Phase II) Trials. Blood 2020, 136, 50–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Safety and Anti-Leukemic Activity of Vodobatinib (K0706) for Treatment Refractory/Intolerant CML Failing ≥3 Prior CML Therapies. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02629692. Updated 8 December 2022. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02629692 (accessed on 15 December 2022).
  44. Cortes, J.E.; Saikia, T.; Kim, D.-W.; Alvarado, Y.; Nicolini, F.E.; Khattry, N.; Rathnam, K.; Apperley, J.; Deininger, M.W.; de Lavallade, H.; et al. Phase 1 Trial of Vodobatinib, a Novel Oral BCR-ABL1 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI): Activity in CML Chronic Phase Patients Failing TKI Therapies Including Ponatinib. Blood 2020, 136, 51–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Study to Evaluate Tolerability, Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Preliminary Efficacy of PF-114 for Oral Administration in Adults with Ph+ Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, which Is Resistant to the 2-nd Generation Bcr-Abl Inhibitors or Has T315I Mutation in the BCR-ABL Gene. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02885766. Updated 17 February 2020. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02885766 (accessed on 15 December 2022).
  46. Turkina, A.G.; Vinogradova, O.; Lomaia, E.; Shatokhina, E.; Shukhov, O.A.; Chelysheva, E.Y.; Shikhbabaeva, D.; Nemchenko, I.; Petrova, A.; Bykova, A.; et al. PF-114: A 4th Generation Tyrosine Kinase-Inhibitor for Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Including BCRABL1T315I. Blood 2019, 134, 1638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Scemblix (Asciminib). Summary of Product Characteristics. European Medicines Agency. Updated on 7 September 2022. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/scemblix (accessed on 6 December 2022).
  48. Réa, D.; Mauro, M.J.; Boquimpani, C.; Minami, Y.; Lomaia, E.; Voloshin, S.; Turkina, A.G.; Kim, D.-W.; Apperley, J.F.; Abdo, A.; et al. A phase 3, open-label, randomized study of asciminib, a STAMP inhibitor, vs bosutinib in CML after 2 or more prior TKIs. Blood 2021, 138, 2031–2041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Rea, D.; Mauro, M.J.; Hochhaus, A.; Boquimpani, C.; Lomaia, E.; Voloshin, S.; Turkina, A.G.; Kim, D.-W.; Apperley, J.; Cortes, J.E.; et al. Efficacy and safety results from ASCEMBL, a phase 3 study of asciminib versus bosutinib (BOS) in patients (pts) with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) after≥ 2 prior tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs): Week 96 update. J. Clin. Oncol. 2022, 40 (Suppl. 16), 7004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Garcia-Gutiérrez, V.; Luna, A.; Alonso-Dominguez, J.M.; Estrada, N.; Boque, C.; Xicoy, B.; Giraldo, P.; Angona, A.; Alvarez-Larrán, A.; Sanchez-Guijo, F.; et al. Safety and efficacy of asciminib treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia patients in real-life clinical practice. Blood Cancer J. 2021, 11, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. Innes, A.; Orovboni, V.; Claudiani, S.; Fernando, F.; Khan, A.; Byrne, J.; Gallipoli, P.; Copland, M.; Horne, G.; Arnold, C.; et al. Asciminib use in CML: The UK experience. P706. Hemasphere 2022, 6, 601–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Turkina, A.; Kuzmina, E.A.; Lomaia, E.; Morozova, E.; Shukhov, O.A.; Petrova, A.N.; Chitanava, T.; Vlasova, J.J.; Chelysheva, E.Y.; Sbityakova, E.; et al. Two-Year Updated Results of Asciminib Managed-Access Program (MAP) in Russia. Blood 2022, 140, 9654–9655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Chee, L.C.; Lee, N.; Grigg, A.; Chen, M.; Schwarer, A.; Szer, J.; Yeung, D.T.; Hughes, T.; Shanmuganathan, N. Clinical Outcomes of Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) Patients on Asciminib through the Managed Access Program (MAP) in Australia. Blood 2022, 140, 6800–6802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Pérez-Lamas, L.; Luna, A.; Boque, C.; Senin, M.A.; Xicoy, B.; Giraldo, P.; Lopez, R.P.; Nuño, C.R.; Heras, N.D.L.; Casterá, E.M.; et al. Toxicity of Asciminib in Real Clinical Practice; Analysis of Side Effects and Cross-Intolerance with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Blood 2022, 140 (Suppl. 1), 3925–3928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Soverini, S.; Gnani, A.; Colarossi, S.; Castagnetti, F.; Abruzzese, E.; Paolini, S.; Merante, S.; Orlandi, E.; de Matteis, S.; Gozzini, A.; et al. Philadelphia-positive patients who already harbor imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations have a higher likelihood of developing additional mutations associated with resistance to second- or third-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Blood 2009, 114, 2168–2171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Nicolini, F.E.; Ibrahim, A.R.; Soverini, S.; Martinelli, G.; Müller, M.C.; Hochhaus, A.; Dufva, I.H.; Kim, D.-W.; Cortes, J.; Mauro, M.J.; et al. The BCR-ABLT315I mutation compromises survival in chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia patients resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, in a matched pair analysis. Haematologica 2013, 98, 1510–1516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Nicolini, F.; Corm, S.; Lê, Q.-H.; Sorel, N.; Hayette, S.; Bories, D.; Leguay, T.; Roy, L.; Giraudier, S.; Tulliez, M.; et al. Mutation status and clinical outcome of 89 imatinib mesylate-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia patients: A retrospective analysis from the French intergroup of CML (Fi(ϕ)-LMC GROUP). Leukemia 2006, 20, 1061–1066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Baccarani, M.; Cortes, J.; Pane, F.; Niederwieser, D.; Saglio, G.; Apperley, J.; Cervantes, F.; Deininger, M.; Gratwohl, A.; Guilhot, F.; et al. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: An Update of Concepts and Management Recommendations of European LeukemiaNet. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 6041–6051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cancers 15 04161 g001aCancers 15 04161 g001b
Figure 1. Sankey diagram of treatment patterns for CML-CP patients: (A) Patients with three or more lines of therapy. (B) Patients with the T315I mutation. Abbreviations: 1/2/3/4/5/6/7L, first/second/third/fourth/fifth/sixth/seventh line; Allo-SCT, allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Figure 1. Sankey diagram of treatment patterns for CML-CP patients: (A) Patients with three or more lines of therapy. (B) Patients with the T315I mutation. Abbreviations: 1/2/3/4/5/6/7L, first/second/third/fourth/fifth/sixth/seventh line; Allo-SCT, allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Cancers 15 04161 g001aCancers 15 04161 g001b
Cancers 15 04161 g002
Figure 2. Cumulative incidences of molecular responses in patients with CML-CP with three or more lines of therapy. MMR, 0.01% < BCR::ABL1 ≤ 0.1% or 3-log reduction; MR4.0, 0.0032% < BCR::ABL1 ≤ 0.01% or 4-log reduction; and MR4.5, 0.001% ≤ BCR::ABL1 ≤ 0.0032% or 4.5-log reduction. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MMR, major molecular response; MR, molecular response; NR, not reached.
Figure 2. Cumulative incidences of molecular responses in patients with CML-CP with three or more lines of therapy. MMR, 0.01% < BCR::ABL1 ≤ 0.1% or 3-log reduction; MR4.0, 0.0032% < BCR::ABL1 ≤ 0.01% or 4-log reduction; and MR4.5, 0.001% ≤ BCR::ABL1 ≤ 0.0032% or 4.5-log reduction. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; MMR, major molecular response; MR, molecular response; NR, not reached.
Cancers 15 04161 g002
Cancers 15 04161 g003
Figure 3. Survival outcomes, including EFS, PFS, and OS in patients with CML-CP with three or more lines of therapy. An event was defined per European LeukemiaNet as death, progression to accelerated phase or blast phase, treatment failure, and treatment discontinuation for any reason, whichever occurred first [19]. Abbreviations: 3L, third line; CI, confidence interval; EFS, event-free survival; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; NR, not reached.
Figure 3. Survival outcomes, including EFS, PFS, and OS in patients with CML-CP with three or more lines of therapy. An event was defined per European LeukemiaNet as death, progression to accelerated phase or blast phase, treatment failure, and treatment discontinuation for any reason, whichever occurred first [19]. Abbreviations: 3L, third line; CI, confidence interval; EFS, event-free survival; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; NR, not reached.
Cancers 15 04161 g003
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population.
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study population.
Characteristic3L+ Cohort
N = 157		T315I Cohort
N = 17
Medical center
 Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon65 (41.4)8 (47.1)
 Hématologie Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux61 (38.9)5 (29.4)
 Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse, Toulouse31 (19.7)4 (23.5)
Sex
 Male88 (56.1)13 (76.5)
 Female69 (43.9)4 (23.5)
Age at CML-CP diagnosis, years52.8 ± 15.7 [55.7]51.1 ± 16.3 [52.2]
ELTS risk score at CML-CP diagnosis
 Low risk (≤1.5680)63 (40.1)3 (17.6)
 Intermediate risk (>1.5680 to ≤2.2185)39 (24.8)4 (23.5)
 High risk (>2.2185)17 (10.8)7 (41.2)
 Not assessed2 (1.3)−
 Unknown/not sure36 (22.9)3 (17.6)
Year of CML-CP diagnosis
 Before 201088 (56.1)10 (58.8)
 On or after 201069 (43.9)7 (41.2)
Time from CML-CP diagnosis to index date, months78.6 ± 56.8 [61.6]66.9 ± 70.6 [51.1]
Age at index date 1, years59.3 ± 15.6 [62.1]56.3 ± 13.1 [55.0]
Length of follow-up 2, months66.9 ± 43.3 [59.3]68.3 ± 48.2 [55.2]
BCR::ABL1 rearrangement at CML-CP diagnosis
 Major142 (90.4)15 (88.2)
 Minor4 (2.5)1 (5.9)
 Other11 (7.0)1 (5.9)
BCR::ABL1 mutation status
 Not assessed67 (42.7)−
 Unknown/not sure1 (0.6)−
 Assessed89 (56.7)−
  T315I7 (7.9)−
    Year T315I mutation was detected
      Before 2015−11 (64.7)
      On or after 2015−6 (35.3)
    Line of therapy in which T315I mutation was identified
      2L−6 (35.3)
      3L−5 (29.4)
      4L−4 (23.5)
      5L−2 (11.8)
Additional chromosomal abnormalities at CML-CP diagnosis
 Yes24 (15.3)6 (35.3)
 No133 (84.7)11 (64.7)
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation [median] or n (%). Abbreviations: 3L+, three or more lines of therapy; BCR::ABL1, breakpoint cluster region–Abelson murine leukemia 1 gene fusion; CML-CP, chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase; ELTS, EUTOS long-term survival. Notes: 1 The index date was defined as the date of initiation of third-line therapy for the 3L+ cohort, and the date of initiation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor or allogeneic stem cell transplantation after identification of T315I mutational status for the T315I cohort. 2 Length of follow-up was defined as the time from the index date to the date of last known contact with patient or patient death.
Table 2. Multivariate Cox regression models of EFS and OS in patients receiving three or more lines of therapy.
Table 2. Multivariate Cox regression models of EFS and OS in patients receiving three or more lines of therapy.
EFSOS
HR95% CIp ValueHR95% CIp Value
Multivariate model (N = 145 1)
 Age (years) at index date1.02(1.00, 1.04) <0.05 *1.07(1.01, 1.13)<0.05 *
 Male (ref: Female)0.89(0.54, 1.47) 0.650.81(0.24, 2.70) 0.73
 ELTS risk score at CML-CP diagnosis (ref: Low risk)
  Intermediate risk0.62(0.31, 1.21) 0.160.81(0.11, 5.73) 0.83
  High risk1.10(0.50, 2.43) 0.812.76(0.30, 25.00) 0.37
  Not assessed or unknown0.80(0.43, 1.48) 0.472.17(0.45, 10.38) 0.33
 Number of comorbid conditions1.13(0.97, 1.31)0.121.12(0.81, 1.55)0.48
 Additional chromosomal abnormalities at CML-CP diagnosis (ref: No additional abnormalities)2.35(1.27, 4.34) <0.01 *6.02(1.78, 20.36)<0.01 *
 MMR was achieved in 3L (ref: MMR was not achieved in 3L)0.22(0.13, 0.37) <0.001 *0.10(0.02, 0.51)<0.01 *
 Treatment with ponatinib (ref: Non-ponatinib)0.96(0.45, 2.02) 0.911.36(0.18, 10.28)0.76
 Reason for terminating 2L is resistance or lack of efficacy (ref: No)1.51(0.83, 2.73)0.181.58(0.32, 7.78)0.57
 Reason for terminating 2L is intolerance or management of AEs (ref: No)0.64(0.34, 1.18)0.150.80(0.15, 4.22)0.79
* Statistically significant at p < 0.05. Abbreviations: 2/3L, second/third line; AE, adverse event; CI, confidence interval; CML-CP, chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase; EFS, event-free survival; ELTS, EUTOS long-term survival; HR, hazard ratio; MMR, major molecular response; OS, overall survival; ref, reference category. Note: 1 12 Patients were not tested for molecular response in 3L and were therefore not included in the analysis.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Nicolini, F.-E.; Huguet, F.; Huynh, L.; Xu, C.; Bouvier, C.; Yocolly, A.; Etienne, G. A Multicenter Retrospective Chart Review Study of Treatment and Disease Patterns and Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Chronic-Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Third-Line Treatment or with T315I Mutation. Cancers 2023, 15, 4161. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15164161

AMA Style

Nicolini F-E, Huguet F, Huynh L, Xu C, Bouvier C, Yocolly A, Etienne G. A Multicenter Retrospective Chart Review Study of Treatment and Disease Patterns and Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Chronic-Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Third-Line Treatment or with T315I Mutation. Cancers. 2023; 15(16):4161. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15164161

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolini, Franck-Emmanuel, Françoise Huguet, Lynn Huynh, Churong Xu, Christophe Bouvier, Aurore Yocolly, and Gabriel Etienne. 2023. "A Multicenter Retrospective Chart Review Study of Treatment and Disease Patterns and Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Chronic-Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Third-Line Treatment or with T315I Mutation" Cancers 15, no. 16: 4161. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15164161

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop