Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma from Molecular Pathology to Current Treatment and Clinical Trials
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma in Ollier Disease and Mafucci Syndrome
3. Diagnostics
3.1. Location and Metastasis
3.2. Size
3.3. Symptoms
3.4. Methods of Diagnosis
3.4.1. Radiological Criterium
3.4.2. Histopathology
3.4.3. Image-Guided Percutaneous Core–Needle Biopsy
3.5. Staging
4. Pathology
4.1. Low–Grade Component
4.2. High-Grade Component
4.3. Cellular Infiltrates
4.4. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Protein/Subtype | DDCS | CCCS | CCS | MCS |
---|---|---|---|---|
S100 | - | + | + | + |
P53 | + * | + | + ** | + |
SOX-9 | + | + | + | + |
Bcl-2 | + | + | + | + |
IDH1 | + | - | + | - |
NY-ESO-1 | + | - | + | - |
Other | CD44, Col1a1, Col2a1, cyclin D1, MDM2, Ki-67, PAI-1, PD-L1, PTHrP, Runx2 | Col2a1, keratine, PTHrP, PDGF, Runx2 | Brachyury, Col2a1, Cox-2, D2-40, Gal-1, MDM2, PTHrP, YKL-40 | CD99, desmin, EMA, MYF4, MYOD1, NKX2.2 |
References | [6,60,61,63,64,65,67,68,69,70,71] | [54,70,89,93] | [65,70,78,83,94,95,96] | [70,78,89,97,98,99,100] |
4.5. Differential Diagnosis
References | Type of Sarcoma | S100 | P53 | MDM2 | Ki-67 | Desmin | SMA | EMA | Vimentin | Myosin | h-Caldesmon | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[7,85,86,88,89,90,103] | DDCS | - | + | + | + | - | - | - | ± | ± | ± | CD99 |
[104,105,106,107,108,109] | OSC | + | + | + | + | ± | ± | - | + | - | - | CD10, CD99, PAX2 |
[104,110,111,112,113,114] | FS | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | Cd34, CD99 |
[115,116,117,118] | MFH | - | ± | ± | ± | + | + | ± | + | ± | - | Cd45, CD68 |
[104,110,119,120,121,122] | RMS | - | - | ± | + | + | - | + | + | + | ± | Myogenin, CDK4, CD56, CD99 |
[104,110,115,119,123,124] | LMS | - | - | - | ± | + | + | ± | ± | + | + | Calponin, CDK4, CD34 |
5. Genetics
5.1. IDH Mutations
5.2. TP53 Mutations
5.3. Other Mutations
6. Treatment
6.1. Surgical Treatment
6.2. Treatment of Localised Disease
6.3. Ratiotherapy
6.4. Treatment of Metastatic Disease
6.5. Palliative Treatment
6.5.1. Chemotherapy
6.5.2. Immunotherapy
6.5.3. Targeted treatment
7. Clinical Trials
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cytostatics | Dosing | Cycles | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
DOX | 60–75 mg/m2 | PRC—3–4 cycles POC-1 9 cycles ** | [166] |
CP | 100–120 mg/m2 | ||
IF | 10 g/m2 | ||
DOX | 60 mg/m2 (24 h iv infusion) | AC—9 cycles | [165] |
CP | 100 mg/m2 (48–72 h of iv infusion) | PC—3 cycles | |
IF | 6 g/m2 (3 g/m2 per day, 1–2 h i.v. infusion) | POC—6 or 11 cycles *** | |
MTX * | 8 g/m2 (4 h i.v. infusion) |
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Zając, W.; Dróżdż, J.; Kisielewska, W.; Karwowska, W.; Dudzisz-Śledź, M.; Zając, A.E.; Borkowska, A.; Szumera-Ciećkiewicz, A.; Szostakowski, B.; Rutkowski, P.; et al. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma from Molecular Pathology to Current Treatment and Clinical Trials. Cancers 2023, 15, 3924. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153924
Zając W, Dróżdż J, Kisielewska W, Karwowska W, Dudzisz-Śledź M, Zając AE, Borkowska A, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Szostakowski B, Rutkowski P, et al. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma from Molecular Pathology to Current Treatment and Clinical Trials. Cancers. 2023; 15(15):3924. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153924
Chicago/Turabian StyleZając, Weronika, Julia Dróżdż, Weronika Kisielewska, Weronika Karwowska, Monika Dudzisz-Śledź, Agnieszka E. Zając, Aneta Borkowska, Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz, Bartłomiej Szostakowski, Piotr Rutkowski, and et al. 2023. "Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma from Molecular Pathology to Current Treatment and Clinical Trials" Cancers 15, no. 15: 3924. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153924