Physical Exercise and the Hallmarks of Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The Effects of Physical Exercise on the Hallmarks Associated with Breast Cancer
2.1. Sustaining Proliferative Signaling
2.2. Evading Growth Suppressors
2.3. Activating Invasion and Metastasis
2.4. Enabling Replicative Immortality
2.5. Inducing Angiogenesis
2.6. Resisting Cell Death
2.7. Reprogramming Energy Metabolism
2.8. Evading Immune Destruction
2.9. Genomic Instability and Mutation
2.10. Tumor-Promoting Inflammation
2.11. Unlocking Phenotypic Plasticity
2.12. Nonmutational Epigenetic Reprogramming
2.13. Polymorphic Microbiomes
2.14. Senescent Cells
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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García-Chico, C.; López-Ortiz, S.; Peñín-Grandes, S.; Pinto-Fraga, J.; Valenzuela, P.L.; Emanuele, E.; Ceci, C.; Graziani, G.; Fiuza-Luces, C.; Lista, S.; et al. Physical Exercise and the Hallmarks of Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancers 2023, 15, 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010324
García-Chico C, López-Ortiz S, Peñín-Grandes S, Pinto-Fraga J, Valenzuela PL, Emanuele E, Ceci C, Graziani G, Fiuza-Luces C, Lista S, et al. Physical Exercise and the Hallmarks of Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancers. 2023; 15(1):324. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010324
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Chico, Celia, Susana López-Ortiz, Saúl Peñín-Grandes, José Pinto-Fraga, Pedro L. Valenzuela, Enzo Emanuele, Claudia Ceci, Grazia Graziani, Carmen Fiuza-Luces, Simone Lista, and et al. 2023. "Physical Exercise and the Hallmarks of Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review" Cancers 15, no. 1: 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010324