New Developments in the Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Targeting, and Treatment of Pediatric Medulloblastoma
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Clinical Overview
2.1. Characteristic and Presentation
2.2. Diagnosis
2.3. World Health Organization Classification and Grade
3. Molecular Subtyping
3.1. WNT
3.2. SHH
3.3. Group 3
3.4. Group 4
4. Clinical Management of Medulloblastoma
4.1. Overview
4.2. Surgical Resection
4.3. Radiation Therapy
4.4. Chemotherapy
4.5. Immunotherapy
4.6. Imaging-Based Diagnosis
4.7. Quality of Life
5. Financial Burden of Medulloblastoma Treatment
5.1. Treatment Costs for Individual Patients
5.2. Treatment Costs for National Healthcare Systems
6. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WNT Subtype | |
Clinical trial: Reducing doses of craniospinal radiation and chemotherapy | NCT01878617: A Clinical and Molecular Risk-Directed Therapy for Newly Diagnosed Medulloblastoma |
NCT02066220: International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) PNET 5 Medulloblastoma | |
NCT02724579: Reduced Craniospinal Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy in Treating Younger Patients with Newly Diagnosed WNT-Driven Medulloblastoma | |
Proposed therapy: WNT antagonists | Phoenix, et al. (2016) [31] reported that WNT antagonists block the formation of a blood-brain barrier, and thereby promote chemotherapy penetration and high intratumoral drug concentrations. |
SHH Subtype | |
Proposed therapy: nanoparticles | Valcourt, et al. (2020) [32] and Caimano, et al. (2021) [33] reported their development of nanoparticles that encapsulate SMO or GLI inhibitors to improve drug delivery to this tumor subtype. |
Group 3 Subtype | |
Proposed therapy: Ribavirin | Huq, et al. (2021) [34] reported therapeutic potential for ribavirin to reduce medulloblastoma cell growth and prolong survival. |
Proposed therapy: Anti-vascularization therapy | Thompson, et al. (2017) [35] reported increased vascularity in Group 3 tumors and proposed using anti-VEGFA anti-vascularization therapy to inhibit tumor growth. |
Group 4 Subtype | |
Proposed therapy: anti-ERBB4-SRC receptor tyrosine kinase | Forget, et al. (2018) [36] demonstrated that the combination of TP53 inactivation and aberrant signaling of the ERBB4-SRC receptor tyrosine may induce Group 4-like tumor growth. They suggested molecular therapies to inhibit these effects. |
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Fang, F.Y.; Rosenblum, J.S.; Ho, W.S.; Heiss, J.D. New Developments in the Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Targeting, and Treatment of Pediatric Medulloblastoma. Cancers 2022, 14, 2285. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092285
Fang FY, Rosenblum JS, Ho WS, Heiss JD. New Developments in the Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Targeting, and Treatment of Pediatric Medulloblastoma. Cancers. 2022; 14(9):2285. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092285
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Francia Y., Jared S. Rosenblum, Winson S. Ho, and John D. Heiss. 2022. "New Developments in the Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Targeting, and Treatment of Pediatric Medulloblastoma" Cancers 14, no. 9: 2285. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092285
APA StyleFang, F. Y., Rosenblum, J. S., Ho, W. S., & Heiss, J. D. (2022). New Developments in the Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Targeting, and Treatment of Pediatric Medulloblastoma. Cancers, 14(9), 2285. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092285