Dietary Patterns and Prostate Cancer: CAPLIFE Study
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Clinical Characteristics of PCa Cases
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Identification of Dietary Patterns
3.3. Association between Dietary Patterns and PCa
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Controls n = 393 | PCa Cases n = 428 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years), median (IQR) | 66.5 (61.3–72.3) | 68.5 (62.8–73.9) | 0.005 |
Education, n (%) | 0.377 | ||
Primary | 109 (27.8) | 124 (28.9) | |
Secondary | 199 (50.6) | 228 (53.3) | |
University | 85 (21.6) | 76 (17.8) | |
Employment status, n (%) | 0.602 | ||
Retired | 264 (67.1) | 298 (69.7) | |
Currently working | 103 (26.2) | 99 (23.1) | |
Unemployed | 26 (6.6) | 30 (7.0) | |
Missing | - | 1 (0.2) | |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.760 | ||
Married | 330 (83.9) | 356 (83.2) | |
Not married | 63 (16.1) | 72 (16.8) | |
Comorbidities, n (%) | 0.740 | ||
0–2 | 364 (92.9) | 399 (93.4) | |
≥3 | 28 (7.1) | 28 (6.6) | |
Missing | 1 | 1 | |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.853 | ||
Never smoker | 104 (26.4) | 112 (26.2) | |
Former smoker | 217 (55.2) | 231 (53.9) | |
Current smoker | 72 (18.4) | 85 (19.9) | |
BMI, n (%) | 0.758 | ||
Normal weight | 72 (18.4) | 87 (20.3) | |
Overweight | 207 (52.6) | 219 (51.2) | |
Obesity | 114 (29.0) | 121 (28.3) | |
Missing | - | 1 (0.2) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | 0.158 | ||
High | 133 (33.8) | 166 (38.7) | |
Moderate | 201 (51.2) | 214 (50.0) | |
Low | 59 (15.0) | 48 (11.3) | |
Sedentary behavior (h/day), median (IQR) | 7.0 (5.0–9.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 0.268 |
Energy intake (Kcal/day), median (IQR) | 2290.3 (1943.1–2809.4) | 2428.9 (2057.5–2918.9) | 0.021 |
Alcohol consumption (g/day), median (IQR) | 7.3 (1.4–15.9) | 8.0 (1.5–18.5) | 0.349 |
First-degree family history of PCa, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
No | 350 (89.1) | 333 (77.8) | |
Yes | 43 (10.9) | 94 (22.0) | |
Missing | - | 1 (0.2) | |
ISUP grade *, n (%) | - | ||
1–2 | - | 321 (75.2) | |
3–5 | - | 106 (24.8) | |
Staging of PCa, n (%) | |||
Localized | - | 369 (86.2) | |
Locally advanced | - | 35 (8.2) | |
Metastatic | - | 24 (5.6) |
Food and Beverage Groups | Mediterranean Pattern | Western Pattern | Unhealthy Pattern |
---|---|---|---|
High-fat dairy | - | 0.37 | - |
Eggs | 0.38 | - | - |
Red meat | - | 0.71 | - |
Processed meat | - | 0.72 | |
White fish | 0.30 | - | - |
Oily fish | 0.27 | - | - |
Leafy vegetables | 0.75 | - | - |
Fruiting vegetables | 0.79 | - | - |
Root vegetables | 0.74 | - | - |
Other vegetables | 0.68 | −0.27 | - |
Legumes | 0.21 | - | - |
Potatoes | 0.30 | −0.38 | - |
Fruits | 0.35 | - | - |
Nuts | 0.21 | - | - |
Refined cereals | - | 0.22 | - |
Other edible fats | - | - | 0.69 |
Sweets | - | - | 0.62 |
Sugary | - | - | 0.65 |
Convenience food and sauces | - | 0.40 | 0.42 |
Alcohol | - | 0.36 | - |
Proportion of variance explained (%) | 10.4 | 6.4 | 5.7 |
Cumulative variance explained (%) | 10.4 | 16.9 | 22.6 |
Dietary Pattern | Controls/PCa Cases | aOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Mediterranean pattern | ||
Tertile 1 | 131/136 | Ref. |
Tertile 2 | 131/140 | 0.92 (0.65–1.31) |
Tertile 3 | 131/152 | 0.90 (0.63–1.29) |
p-trend | 0.578 | |
Western pattern | ||
Tertile 1 | 131/124 | Ref. |
Tertile 2 | 131/157 | 1.33 (0.93–1.90) |
Tertile 3 | 131/147 | 1.25 (0.83–1.87) |
p-trend | 0.289 | |
Unhealthy pattern | ||
Tertile 1 | 131/116 | Ref. |
Tertile 2 | 131/133 | 1.11 (0.77–1.60) |
Tertile 3 | 131/179 | 1.52 (1.02–2.27) |
p-trend | 0.035 |
Dietary Pattern | PCa Cases (n) | aOR (95% CI) | PCa Cases (n) | aOR (95% CI) | PCa Cases (n) | aOR (95% CI) | PCa Cases (n) | aOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISUP 1–2 | ISUP 3–5 | Localized PCa | Locally Advanced and/or Metastatic PCa | |||||
Mediterranean pattern | ||||||||
Tertile 1 | 102 | Ref. | 33 | Ref. | 115 | Ref. | 21 | Ref. |
Tertile 2 | 105 | 0.94 (0.64–1.37) | 35 | 0.92 (0.53–1.62) | 122 | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) | 18 | 0.70 (0.35–1.40) |
Tertile 3 | 114 | 0.94 (0.63–1.39) | 38 | 0.86 (0.49–1.51) | 132 | 0.94 (0.65–1.37) | 20 | 0.69 (0.34–1.38) |
p-trend | 0.746 | 0.605 | 0.754 | 0.293 | ||||
Western pattern | ||||||||
Tertile 1 | 97 | Ref. | 27 | Ref. | 104 | Ref. | 29 | Ref. |
Tertile 2 | 113 | 1.23 (0.84–1.82) | 45 | 1.54 (0.86–2.75) | 135 | 1.37 (0.94–1.99) | 42 | 1.10 (0.55–2.20) |
Tertile 3 | 113 | 1.26 (0.81–1.94) | 34 | 1.19 (0.60–2.34) | 130 | 1.30 (0.86–1.98) | 33 | 0.93 (0.40–2.15) |
p-trend | 0.302 | 0.642 | 0.223 | 0.881 | ||||
Unhealthy pattern | ||||||||
Tertile 1 | 82 | Ref. | 34 | Ref. | 98 | Ref. | 18 | Ref. |
Tertile 2 | 103 | 1.22 (0.82–1.81) | 29 | 0.81 (0.45–1.46) | 115 | 1.11 (0.76–1.63) | 18 | 1.01 (0.49–2.09) |
Tertile 3 | 136 | 1.67 (1.09–2.57) | 43 | 1.16 (0.63–2.13) | 156 | 1.56 (1.03–2.36) | 23 | 1.31 (0.61–2.84) |
p-trend | 0.018 | 0.638 | 0.032 | 0.488 |
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Lozano-Lorca, M.; Rodríguez-González, M.; Salcedo-Bellido, I.; Vázquez-Alonso, F.; Arrabal, M.; Martín-Castaño, B.; Sánchez, M.-J.; Jiménez-Moleón, J.-J.; Olmedo-Requena, R. Dietary Patterns and Prostate Cancer: CAPLIFE Study. Cancers 2022, 14, 3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143475
Lozano-Lorca M, Rodríguez-González M, Salcedo-Bellido I, Vázquez-Alonso F, Arrabal M, Martín-Castaño B, Sánchez M-J, Jiménez-Moleón J-J, Olmedo-Requena R. Dietary Patterns and Prostate Cancer: CAPLIFE Study. Cancers. 2022; 14(14):3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143475
Chicago/Turabian StyleLozano-Lorca, Macarena, Margarita Rodríguez-González, Inmaculada Salcedo-Bellido, Fernando Vázquez-Alonso, Miguel Arrabal, Benita Martín-Castaño, María-José Sánchez, José-Juan Jiménez-Moleón, and Rocío Olmedo-Requena. 2022. "Dietary Patterns and Prostate Cancer: CAPLIFE Study" Cancers 14, no. 14: 3475. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143475