Comparative Pathobiology of Canine and Human Prostate Cancer: State of the Art and Future Directions
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. History and Epidemiological Aspects of Prostate Cancer
3. Preneoplastic Prostatic Lesions
4. Classification and Histological Grading of PC
5. Cell Origin and Tumor Initiation
6. Cancer Stem Cells (CSC)
7. Molecular Biology of Prostate Cancer
7.1. Androgenic Signaling: A Key Point in Prostate Carcinogenesis?
7.2. mTOR/4E-BP1/eIF4E Cell Signaling Pathway
7.3. Ki67 Cell Proliferation Markers and Epidermal Growth Factor
7.4. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
7.5. Cell Adhesion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
7.6. Angiogenesis
7.7. Tumor Microenvironment: Structural, Inflammatory, and Metabolic Aspects
8. MicroRNAs (miRs)
9. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
10. Future Directions
11. Final Considerations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nascente, E.d.P.; Amorim, R.L.; Fonseca-Alves, C.E.; de Moura, V.M.B.D. Comparative Pathobiology of Canine and Human Prostate Cancer: State of the Art and Future Directions. Cancers 2022, 14, 2727. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14112727
Nascente EdP, Amorim RL, Fonseca-Alves CE, de Moura VMBD. Comparative Pathobiology of Canine and Human Prostate Cancer: State of the Art and Future Directions. Cancers. 2022; 14(11):2727. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14112727
Chicago/Turabian StyleNascente, Eduardo de Paula, Renée Laufer Amorim, Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves, and Veridiana Maria Brianezi Dignani de Moura. 2022. "Comparative Pathobiology of Canine and Human Prostate Cancer: State of the Art and Future Directions" Cancers 14, no. 11: 2727. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14112727