JNK in Tumor Microenvironment: Present Findings and Challenges in Clinical Translation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Relationship of JNK with Stressful Conditions in TME
3. Relationship of JNK with Inflammation in TME
3.1. JNK and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines/Chemokines in TME
3.2. JNK and Immune Responses in TME
4. JNK and Angiogenesis/Endothelial Cells in TME
5. JNK and CSC in TME
6. JNK and Tumor Stroma in TME
7. Challenges in Clinical Translation of JNK Modulation
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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TME Condition/Component Involved | Cancer Type(s) | Role of the JNK Pathway | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Hypoxia | CRC | ↑ Autophagy | [14] |
↑ Autophagy, chemotherapy resistance | [15] | ||
↑ Chemotherapy resistance | [25] | ||
↑ EMT, stemness maintenance | [26] | ||
LC | ↑ Invasion | [27] | |
PRC | ↑ Proliferation | [28] | |
Nutrient Depletion | CEC, CRC, HCC, | ↓ Necrosis | [29] |
High ROS | HCC | ↑ Inflammatory cytokines | [30] |
Inflammation | HCC | ↑ Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines | [31] |
LC | ↑ Inflammatory cytokines | [32] | |
ORC | ↑ Migration | [33] | |
RC | ↑ Tumor growth, chemotherapy resistance | [34] | |
OVC | ↑ Proliferation, metastasis | [35] | |
GC | ↑ Chemotherapy resistance | [36] | |
CRC | ↑ Stemness, tumor growth | [37] | |
BRC, OVC | ↑ TAM-induced invasiveness | [38] | |
Immune Response | BLC | ↑ PD-L1 | [39] |
G | ↑ PD-L1 | [40] | |
CRC | ↑ Adhesion to endothelial cells, trans-endothelial migration | [41] | |
Angiogenesis/ Endothelial Cells | GC | ↑ Angiogenesis, inflammatory cytokines | [42] |
HNC | ↑ Angiogenesis | [43] | |
OVC | ↑ Angiogenesis | [44] | |
G | ↑ Angiogenesis | [45] | |
CSC | CRC | ↑ EMT, stemness maintenance | [26] |
↑ Stemness, tumor growth | [37] | ||
G, LC, OVC, PAC | ↑ Viability, self-renewal, tumor-initiating capacity of CSC | [46] | |
OVC | ↑ Self-renewal, tumor-initiating capacity of CSC | [47] | |
G | ↑ Self-renewal, tumor-initiating capacity of CSC | [48] | |
BRC | ↑ CSC phenotype, tumor growth | [49] | |
↑ Tumor initiation, metastasis | [50] | ||
↓ Tumor initiation | [51] | ||
Tumor Stroma | PAC | ↑ Ccl20 in CAF causing ↓ CTL infiltration | [52] |
LC | ↑ ANXA3 in CAF causing ↓ chemotherapy sensitivity | [53] | |
ECM | BRC | ↑ SPP1, TNC causing ↑ lung metastasis, chemotherapy resistance | [50] |
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Tam, S.Y.; Law, H.K.-W. JNK in Tumor Microenvironment: Present Findings and Challenges in Clinical Translation. Cancers 2021, 13, 2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092196
Tam SY, Law HK-W. JNK in Tumor Microenvironment: Present Findings and Challenges in Clinical Translation. Cancers. 2021; 13(9):2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092196
Chicago/Turabian StyleTam, Shing Yau, and Helen Ka-Wai Law. 2021. "JNK in Tumor Microenvironment: Present Findings and Challenges in Clinical Translation" Cancers 13, no. 9: 2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092196