Biological Heterogeneity of Chondrosarcoma: From (Epi) Genetics through Stemness and Deregulated Signaling to Immunophenotype
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Chondrosarcoma Stem Cell
3. Genomic Abnormalities in Chondrosarcoma
4. Mutations in Chondrosarcoma
5. Epigenetics of Chondrosarcoma
5.1. Hypermethylation of DNA
5.2. Hypomethylation of DNA
6. Deregulated Signaling Pathways in Chondrosarcoma
6.1. Tumor Suppressor pRb and p53 Pathways
6.2. PI3K–AKT Signal Transduction
6.3. The SRC Signaling Pathway
6.4. The mTOR-S6K Pathway
6.5. Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
7. Chondrosarcoma Microenvironment
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Sarcoma Type | Genes | Chromosomal Aberrations |
---|---|---|
Soft tissue chondroma | HMGA2-LPPa | t (3;12) (q28; 214) |
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma | HEY1-NCOA2b | del (8) (q13; q21) |
IRFBP2-CDX1c | t (1;5) (q42; q32) |
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Zając, A.; Król, S.K.; Rutkowski, P.; Czarnecka, A.M. Biological Heterogeneity of Chondrosarcoma: From (Epi) Genetics through Stemness and Deregulated Signaling to Immunophenotype. Cancers 2021, 13, 1317. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13061317
Zając A, Król SK, Rutkowski P, Czarnecka AM. Biological Heterogeneity of Chondrosarcoma: From (Epi) Genetics through Stemness and Deregulated Signaling to Immunophenotype. Cancers. 2021; 13(6):1317. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13061317
Chicago/Turabian StyleZając, Agnieszka, Sylwia K. Król, Piotr Rutkowski, and Anna M. Czarnecka. 2021. "Biological Heterogeneity of Chondrosarcoma: From (Epi) Genetics through Stemness and Deregulated Signaling to Immunophenotype" Cancers 13, no. 6: 1317. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13061317