Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: An Updated Metabolic Perspective
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Cancer Cell Metabolic Heterogeneity
2.1. Metabolic Heterogeneity and Carbon-Source Preferences
2.1.1. Amino Acids
Glutamine
Alanine
Serine
2.1.2. Fatty Acids
2.1.3. Lactate as a TCA Carbon Source
2.2. Mechanisms Involved in Metabolic Switch from OXPHOS to Aerobic Glycolysis
2.2.1. Hypoxia
2.2.2. Redox Metabolism, Role of BACH1
2.2.3. Tumor Suppressor, PUMA
2.2.4. Epigenetic Modifiers
2.2.5. Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Protein Remodeling
2.3. Consequences of Metabolism Heterogeneity in Tumors
2.3.1. Invasion and Metastatic Spread
2.3.2. Resistance to Treatment
3. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAF) Identity, Function and Metabolic Features
3.1. Different CAF Subpopulations in Cancer: Distinct Identities and Functions
3.1.1. Different CAF Identities
3.1.2. Different Functions of CAF Subsets in Metastatic Spread and Immunosuppression
3.2. CAF Metabolism
3.2.1. Aerobic Glycolysis
3.2.2. OXPHOS Metabolism
3.3. Metabolic Crosstalk between Cancer Cells and CAF
3.3.1. CAF Cooperation to Meet the Energetic Demands of Proliferative Tumor Cells
3.3.2. Modulating the Redox Homeostasis
3.3.3. Paracrine Fatty Acid Secretion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gentric, G.; Mechta-Grigoriou, F. Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: An Updated Metabolic Perspective. Cancers 2021, 13, 399. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030399
Gentric G, Mechta-Grigoriou F. Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: An Updated Metabolic Perspective. Cancers. 2021; 13(3):399. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030399
Chicago/Turabian StyleGentric, Géraldine, and Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou. 2021. "Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: An Updated Metabolic Perspective" Cancers 13, no. 3: 399. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030399