Charting the Unknown Association of COVID-19 with Thyroid Cancer, Focusing on Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Call for Caution
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Clinical Pharmacology Unit–Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias St., 11527 Athens, Greece
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First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Faculty of Mediine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2021, 13(22), 5785; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225785
Submission received: 27 September 2021
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Revised: 10 November 2021
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Accepted: 16 November 2021
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Published: 18 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Challenges of COVID-19 with Obesity-Related Cancers)
Simple Summary
Leveraging lessons learned from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, resilient health systems focus on the preservation of the continuum of care of chronic diseases, especially of cancer, beyond addressing emergency health requirements. Obesity has a detrimental impact on COVID-19 and affects the epidemic of thyroid cancer (TC). TC, especially differentiated TC (DTC), is a notable paradigm of obesity-related cancers. Thus, obesity–COVID-19–(D)TC interplay can be a constant threat to public health. The present review dissects the COVID-19–(D)TC association in the setting of obesity and beyond, highlighting: (i) the interrelationship between immunity, inflammation, obesity, oxidative stress, and cancer underlying this association; (ii) the challenging management of (D)TC in the COVID-19 era; (iii) the impact of COVID-19 on (D)TC and vice versa; and (iv) the oncogenic potential of SARS-CoV-2. Future perspectives for understanding and harnessing the COVID-19–(D)TC association to inform decision-making are underlined.
Abstract
Background: Conceived of as the “silver lining” of the dark cloud of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, lessons taught by this catastrophe should be leveraged by medical authorities and policy makers to optimize health care globally. A major lesson is that resilient health systems should absorb sudden shocks incited by overwhelming health emergencies without compromising the continuum of care of chronic diseases, especially of cancer. Methods: The present review dissects the association between COVID-19 and thyroid cancer (TC), especially with differentiated TC (DTC), focusing on available data, knowledge gaps, current challenges, and future perspectives. Results: Obesity has been incriminated in terms of both COVID-19 severity and a rising incidence of TC, especially of DTC. The current conceptualization of the pathophysiological landscape of COVID-19–(D)TC association implicates an interplay between obesity, inflammation, immunity, and oxidative stress. Whether COVID-19 could aggravate the health burden posed by (D)TC or vice versa has yet to be clarified. Improved understanding and harnessing of the pathophysiological landscape of the COVID-19–(D)TC association will empower a mechanism-guided, safe, evidence-based, and risk-stratified management of (D)TC in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary patient-centered decision-making will ensure high-quality (D)TC care for patients, with or without COVID-19.
