Role of Pancreatic Stellate Cell-Derived Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer-Related Diabetes: A Novel Hypothesis
1
Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia
2
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney 2170, Australia
3
Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia
4
M.D Anderson Cancer Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Texas, Houston, TX 75083, USA
5
St Vincent Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia
6
Healthy Ageing, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2830, Australia
7
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst 3065, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editors: Atsushi Masamune and Guido Eibl
Cancers 2021, 13(20), 5224; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13205224
Received: 25 August 2021
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Revised: 27 September 2021
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Accepted: 14 October 2021
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Published: 18 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pancreatic Cancer: Pathogenesis, Early Diagnosis, and Management for Improved Survival)
Simple Summary
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a rapidly fatal disease. Diabetes mellitus is a major association of PDAC and is both a cause as well as a consequence of cancer. Notably, at the time of diagnosis of PDAC, more than 80% of patients have abnormal fasting blood glucose levels. Even more intriguing is the observation that a third of patients reports being diagnosed with diabetes within 3 years prior to their cancer diagnosis. This new onset diabetes, also called pancreatic cancer-related diabetes (PCRD) may be a harbinger of asymptomatic PDAC. Elucidating the mechanisms mediating PCRD will enable the identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis and/or novel molecular pathways that can be therapeutically targeted to improve patient outcomes.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating condition characterised by vague symptomatology and delayed diagnosis. About 30% of PDAC patients report a history of new onset diabetes, usually diagnosed within 3 years prior to the diagnosis of cancer. Thus, new onset diabetes, which is also known as pancreatic cancer-related diabetes (PCRD), could be a harbinger of PDAC. Diabetes is driven by progressive β cell loss/dysfunction and insulin resistance, two key features that are also found in PCRD. Experimental studies suggest that PDAC cell-derived exosomes carry factors that are detrimental to β cell function and insulin sensitivity. However, the role of stromal cells, particularly pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), in the pathogenesis of PCRD is not known. PSCs are present around the earliest neoplastic lesions and around islets. Given that PSCs interact closely with cancer cells to drive cancer progression, it is possible that exosomal cargo from both cancer cells and PSCs plays a role in modulating β cell function and peripheral insulin resistance. Identification of such mediators may help elucidate the mechanisms of PCRD and aid early detection of PDAC. This paper discusses the concept of a novel role of PSCs in the pathogenesis of PCRD.
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Keywords:
pancreatic cancer-related diabetes; pancreatic stellate cells; exosomes; insulin resistance; biomarkers
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MDPI and ACS Style
Perera, C.J.; Falasca, M.; Chari, S.T.; Greenfield, J.R.; Xu, Z.; Pirola, R.C.; Wilson, J.S.; Apte, M.V. Role of Pancreatic Stellate Cell-Derived Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer-Related Diabetes: A Novel Hypothesis. Cancers 2021, 13, 5224. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13205224
AMA Style
Perera CJ, Falasca M, Chari ST, Greenfield JR, Xu Z, Pirola RC, Wilson JS, Apte MV. Role of Pancreatic Stellate Cell-Derived Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer-Related Diabetes: A Novel Hypothesis. Cancers. 2021; 13(20):5224. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13205224
Chicago/Turabian StylePerera, Chamini J., Marco Falasca, Suresh T. Chari, Jerry R. Greenfield, Zhihong Xu, Romano C. Pirola, Jeremy S. Wilson, and Minoti V. Apte. 2021. "Role of Pancreatic Stellate Cell-Derived Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer-Related Diabetes: A Novel Hypothesis" Cancers 13, no. 20: 5224. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13205224
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