Locoregional Treatments in Cholangiocarcinoma and Combined Hepatocellular Cholangiocarcinoma
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Cholangiocarcinoma
1.1. Pathogenesis of Cholangiocarcinoma
1.2. Radiofrequency Ablation
1.3. Photodynamic Therapy
1.4. Transarterial Chemoembolization
1.5. Selective Internal Radiotherapy
1.6. Microwave Ablation
Reference | Patients | Treatment | Responders | Median PFS (Months) | Median OS (Months) | Tumor Progression (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Han et al. (2015) [24] | 84 | Radiofrequency Ablation | - | - | 1-year survival rate—82% (95% CI 72–90%) 3-year survival rate—47% (95% CI 28–65%) 5-year survival rate—24% (95% CI 11–40% | 21% (CI 95% 13–30%) |
Moole et al. (2017) [25] | 297 | Photodynamic Therapy | - | - | 13.6 months (95% CI 11.47–15.67) | - |
Herber et al. (2007) [28] | 15 | TACE | - | - | 21.1 months (95% CI 9.4–32.5 months) | 4/15 patients—8.2% |
Vogl et al. (2012) [29] | 115 | TACE | Partial Response 8.7% | 7 months | 13 months | - |
Edeline et al. (2019) [30] | 41 | Selective Internal Radiotherapy | 41% (95% CI 28–55%) | 14 months (95% CI 8–17 months) | 22 months (95% CI 14–52 months) | - |
Zhang et al. (2016) [34] | 107 | MWA | - | 8.9 months (95% CI 6.5–11.3 months) | 28.0 months (95% CI 23.7–32.2 months) | - |
Yu et al. (2011) [35] | 15 | MWA | - | - | 10 months | 25% (6/24 nodules total in 15 patients) |
Ohkawa et al. (2014) [39] | 20 | Proton Beam Therapy | - | - | 27.5 months in curative group 9.6 months in palliative group | - |
Hong et al. (2016) [40] | 37 | Proton Beam Therapy | - | 8.4 months (95% CI 5–15.7 months) | 22.5 (95% CI 12.4–49.7 months) | - |
Frankulli et al. (2019) [41] | 182 | Stereotactic Body Radiation | - | - | 1-year survival rate of 57.1% (95% CI 45–58%) | - |
Queen et al. (2014) [42] | 106 | Endoscopy | - | - | 2.89 months (95% CI 0.09–30 months) | - |
1.7. Irreversible Electroporation
1.8. Proton Beam Therapy
1.9. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
1.10. Endoscopy
2. Combined Hepatocellular Cholangiocarcinoma
2.1. Pathogenesis of Combined Hepatocellular Cholangiocarcinoma
2.2. Therapy
2.3. Chemoembolization
Reference | Patients | Treatment | Responders | Median PFS (Months) | Median OS (Months) | Tumor Progression (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fowler et al. (2015) [63] | 79 | TACE (6) | - | - | - | 2 (30%) |
TARE (6) | 47% | 16 | 8.3 | 3 (50%) | ||
HAI pump (6) | - | - | - | 0 | ||
Systemic chemotherapy (28) | - | - | - | 15 (44%) | ||
Surgery (33) | 35 (70%) | 16 | 12.3 | 0 | ||
Kim et al. (2010) [84] | 50 | TACE | 35 (70%) | - | 12.3 | 15(30%) |
Chan et al. (2017) [89] | 10 | TARE | 60% partial response and 40% stable disease | - | 10.2 from 1st RE treatment and 17.7 from initial diagnosis | - |
Na et al. (2018) [85] | 42 | TACE | Globally enhancing cHCC-CC—36% Peripherally enhancing cHCC-CC—0% HCC—35.6% | Globally enhancing cHCC-CC—4.7 Peripherally enhancing cHCC-CC—2.1 HCC—9.7 | Globally enhancing cHCC-CC—52.8 Peripherally enhancing cHCC-CC—12.4 HCC—67.5 | cHCC-CC—37(88.1%) |
2.4. Transarterial Radioembolization
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Banales, J.M.; Marin, J.J.G.; Lamarca, A.; Rodrigues, P.M.; Khan, S.A.; Roberts, L.R.; Cardinale, V.; Carpino, G.; Andersen, J.B.; Braconi, C.; et al. Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: The next horizon in mechanisms and management. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020, 17, 577–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rizvi, S.; Gores, G.J. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Cholangiocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2013, 145, 1215–1229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Khan, S.A.; Davidson, B.R.; Goldin, R.D.; Pereira, S.P.; Rosenberg, W.M.C.; Taylor-Robinson, S.D.; Thillainayagam, A.V.; Thomas, H.; Thursz, M.R.; Wasan, H. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma: An update. Gut 2012, 61, 1657–1669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Everhart, J.E.; Ruhl, C.E. Burden of Digestive Diseases in the United States Part III: Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas. Gastroenterology 2009, 136, 1134–1144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tyson, G.L.; El-Serag, H.B. Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2011, 54, 173–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gad, M.M.; Saad, A.M.; Faisaluddin, M.; Gaman, M.A.; Ruhban, I.A.; Jazieh, K.A.; Al-Husseini, M.J.; Simons-Linares, C.R.; Sonbol, M.B.; Estfan, B.N. Epidemiology of Cholangiocarcinoma; United States Incidence and Mortality Trends. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. 2020, 44, 885–893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sripa, B.; Pairojkul, C. Cholangiocarcinoma: Lessons from Thailand. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2008, 24, 349–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- West, J.; Wood, H.; Logan, R.F.A.; Quinn, M.; Aithal, G.P. Trends in the incidence of primary liver and biliary tract cancers in England and Wales 1971–2001. Br. J. Cancer 2006, 94, 1751–1758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khan, S.A.; Taylor-Robinson, S.D.; Toledano, M.B.; Beck, A.; Elliott, P.; Thomas, H.C. Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours. J. Hepatol. 2002, 37, 806–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bray, F. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) Volume XI. IARC. 2017. Available online: https://ci5.iarc.fr/Default.aspx (accessed on 1 June 2021).
- Labib, P.L.; Goodchild, G.; Pereira, S.P. Molecular Pathogenesis of Cholangiocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2019, 19, 185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Razumilaza, N.; Gores, G. Cholangiocarcinoma. Lancet 2014, 383, 21–27. [Google Scholar]
- Bridgewater, J.; Galle, P.; Khan, S.; Llovet, J.; Park, J.; Patel, T.; Pawlik, T.M.; Gores, G.J. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2014, 60, 1268–1289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Thonsri, U.; Seubwai, W.; Waraasawapati, S.; Sawanyawisuth, K.; Vaeteewoottacharn, K.; Boonmars, T.; Cha’on, U. Overexpression of lactate dehydrogenase A in cholangiocarcinoma is correlated with poor prognosis. Histol. Histopathol. 2017, 32, 503–510. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Petrick, J.L.; Yang, B.; Altekruse, S.F.; Van Dyke, A.L.; Koshiol, J.; Graubard, B.I.; McGlynn, K.A. Risk factors for intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: A population-based study in SEER-Medicare. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0186643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ridlon, J.M.; Kang, D.J.; Hylemon, P.B.; Bajaj, J.S. Bile acids and the gut microbiome. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2014, 30, 332–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kakiyama, G.; Pandak, W.M.; Gillevet, P.M.; Hylemon, P.B.; Heuman, D.M.; Daita, K.; Takei, H.; Muto, A.; Nittono, H.; Ridlon, J.M.; et al. Modulation of the fecal bile acid profile by gut microbiota in cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. 2013, 58, 949–955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xiong, J.; Wang, Y.; Huang, H.; Bian, J.; Wang, A.; Long, J.; Zheng, Y.; Sang, X.; Xu, Y.; Lu, X.; et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Cholecystectomy and the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 59648–59657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, J.-S.; Han, T.-J.; Jing, N.; Li, L.; Zhang, X.-H.; Ma, F.-Z.; Liu, J.-Y. Obesity and the risk of cholangiocarcinoma: A meta-analysis. Tumor Biol. 2014, 35, 6831–6838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aljiffry, M.; Abdulelah, A.; Walsh, M.; Peltekian, K.; Alwayn, I.; Molinari, M. Evidence-Based Approach to Cholangiocarcinoma: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2009, 208, 134–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ercolani, G.; Vetrone, G.; Grazi, G.L.; Aramaki, O.; Cescon, M.; Ravaioli, M.; Serra, C.; Brandi, G.; Pinna, A.D. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Primary liver resection and aggressive multimodal treatment of recurrence significantly prolong survival. Ann Surg. 2010, 252, 107–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Simo, K.A.; Halpin, L.E.; McBrier, N.M.; Hessey, J.A.; Baker, E.; Ross, S.; Swan, R.Z.; Iannitti, D.A.; Martinie, J.B. Multimodality treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A review. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016, 113, 62–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shindoh, J. Ablative therapies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. HepatoBiliary Surg. Nutr. 2017, 6, 2–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Han, K.; Ko, H.K.; Kim, K.W.; Won, H.J.; Shin, Y.M.; Kim, P.N. Radiofrequency Ablation in the Treatment of Unresectable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 2015, 26, 943–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moole, H.; Tathireddy, H.; Dharmapuri, S.; Moole, V.; Boddireddy, R.; Yedama, P.; Dharmapuri, S.; Uppu, A.; Bondalapati, N.; Duvvuri, A. Success of photodynamic therapy in palliating patients with nonresectable chol-angiocarcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2017, 23, 1278–1288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farley, D.R.; Weaver, A.L.; Nagorney, D.M. “Natural History” of Unresected Cholangiocarcinoma: Patient Outcome After Noncurative Intervention. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1995, 70, 425–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rizzo, A.; Brandi, G. Neoadjuvant therapy for cholangiocarcinoma: A comprehensive literature review. Cancer Treat. Res. Commun. 2021, 27, 100354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herber, S.; Otto, G.; Schneider, J.; Manzl, N.; Kummer, I.; Kanzler, S.; Schuchmann, A.; Thies, J.; Düber, C.; Pitton, M. Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) for Inoperable Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol. 2007, 30, 1156–1165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vogl, T.J.; Naguib, N.N.; Nour-Eldin, N.-E.A.; Bechstein, W.; Zeuzem, S.; Trojan, J.; Gruber-Rouh, T. Transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: Results and prognostic factors governing treatment success. Int. J. Cancer 2012, 131, 733–740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edeline, J.; Touchefeu, Y.; Guiu, B.; Farge, O.; Tougeron, D.; Baumgaertner, I.; Ayav, A.; Campillo-Gimenez, B.; Beuzit, L.; Pracht, M.; et al. Radioemboliza-tion Plus Chemotherapy for First-line Treatment of Locally Advanced Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019, 6, 51–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mosconi, C.; Calandri, M.; Javle, M.; Odisio, B.C. Interventional radiology approaches for intra-hepatic cholan-giocarcinoma. Chin. Clin. Oncol. 2020, 9, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andreano, A.; Brace, C.L. A Comparison of Direct Heating During Radiofrequency and Microwave Ablation in Ex Vivo Liver. Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol. 2013, 36, 505–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sweeney, J.; Parikh, N.; El-Haddad, G.; Kis, B. Ablation of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Semin. Interv. Radiol. 2019, 36, 298–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, K.; Yu, J.; Yu, X.; Han, Z.; Cheng, Z.; Liu, F.; Liang, P. Clinical and survival outcomes of percutaneous microwave ablation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int. J. Hyperth. 2018, 34, 292–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yu, M.A.; Liang, P.; Yu, X.L.; Cheng, Z.G.; Han, Z.Y.; Liu, F.Y.; Yu, J. Sonography-guided percutaneous micro-wave ablation of intrahepatic primary cholangiocarcinoma. Eur. J. Radiol. 2011, 80, 548–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, G.-W.; Zhao, Q.; Qian, S.; Zhu, L.; Qu, X.-D.; Zhang, W.; Yan, Z.-P.; Cheng, J.-M.; Liu, Q.-X.; Liu, R.; et al. Percutaneous microwave ablation combined with simultaneous transarterial chemoembolization for the treatment of advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. OncoTargets Ther. 2015, 8, 1245–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xu, C.; Li, L.; Xu, W.; Du, C.; Yang, L.; Tong, J.; Yi, Y. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation ver-sus surgical resection for recurrent intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Intermediate-term results. Int. J. Hyperth. 2019, 36, 351–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yousaf, A.; Kim, J.U.; Eliahoo, J.; Taylor-Robinson, S.D.; Khan, S.A. Ablative Therapy for Unresectable Intrahe-patic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 2019, 9, 740–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ohkawa, A.; Mizumoto, M.; Ishikawa, H.; Abei, M.; Fukuda, K.; Hashimoto, T.; Sakae, T.; Tsuboi, K.; Okumura, T.; Sakurai, H. Proton beam therapy for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2014, 30, 957–963. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, T.S.; Wo, J.Y.; Yeap, B.Y.; Ben-Josef, E.; McDonnell, E.I.; Blaszkowsky, L.S.; Kwak, E.L.; Allen, J.N.; Clark, J.W.; Goyal, L.; et al. Multi-Institutional Phase II Study of High-Dose Hypofractionated Proton Beam Therapy in Patients With Localized, Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2016, 34, 460–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Frakulli, R.; Buwenge, M.; Macchia, G.; Cammelli, S.; Deodato, F.; Cilla, S.; Cellini, F.; Mattiucci, G.C.; Bisello, S.; Brandi, G.; et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy in cholangiocarcinoma: A systematic review. Br. J. Radiol. 2019, 92, 20180688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Queen, T.; Adler, D. Stent placement in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Clin. Liver Dis. 2014, 3, 74–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tian, G.; Zhao, Q.; Chen, F.; Jiang, T.; Wang, W. Ablation of hepatic malignant tumors with irreversible elec-troporation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 5853–5860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Konstantinidis, I.T.; Arkadopoulos, N.; Ferrone, C.R. Surgical management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the modern era: Advances and challenges. Chin. Clin. Oncol. 2016, 5, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Welling, T.H.; Feng, M.; Wan, S.; Hwang, S.Y.; Volk, M.L.; Lawrence, T.S.; Zalupski, M.M.; Sonnenday, C.J. Neoadjuvant stereotactic body radiation therapy, capecitabine, and liver transplantation for unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Transplant. 2014, 20, 81–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kopek, N.; Holt, M.I.; Hansen, A.T.; Høyer, M. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for unresectable cholangiocarci-noma. Radiother. Oncol. 2010, 94, 47–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tse, R.V.; Hawkins, M.; Lockwood, G.; Kim, J.J.; Cummings, B.; Knox, J.; Sherman, M.; Dawson, L.A. Phase I study of individualized stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholan-giocarcinoma. JCO 2008, 26, 657–664. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.H. Endoscopic Stent Placement in the Palliation of Malignant Biliary Obstruction. Clin. Endosc. 2011, 44, 76–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ramai, D.; Ofosu, A.; Lai, J.K.; Reddy, M.; Adler, D.G. Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma: A popula-tion-based retrospective study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2019, 114, 1496–1501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodman, Z.D.; Ishak, K.G.; Langloss, J.M.; Sesterhenn, I.A.; Rabin, L. Combined hepatocellu-lar-cholangiocarcinoma. A histologic and immunohistochemical study. Cancer 1985, 55, 124–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bosman, F.T.; Carneiro, F.; Hruban, R.; Theise, N.D. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System; IARC Press: Lyon, France, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.; Wang, F.; Kessinger, A. Outcome of Combined Hepatocellular and Cholangiocarcinoma of the Liver. J. Oncol. 2010, 2010, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Yu, X.; Xu, J.; Li, J.; Zhou, Y. Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: An analysis of clinico-pathological characteristics after surgery. Medicine 2019, 98, e17102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jarnagin, W.R.; Weber, S.; Tickoo, S.K.; Koea, J.B.; Obiekwe, S.; Fong, Y.; DeMatteo, R.P.; Blumgart, L.H.; Klim-stra, D. Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma: Demographic, clinical, and prognostic factors. Cancer 2002, 94, 2040–2046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, R.A.; Lisa, J.R. Combined Liver Cell ahd Bile Duct Carcinoma*. Am. J. Pathol. 1949, 25, 647–655. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, S.D.; Park, S.J.; Han, S.S.; Kim, S.H.; Kim, Y.K.; Lee, S.A.; Ko, Y.H.; Hong, E.K. Clinical features and progno-sis of combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma after surgery. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis. Int. 2014, 13, 594–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raevskaya, O.; Appelman, H.; Razumilava, N. A Contemporary Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma. Curr. Hepatol. Rep. 2020, 19, 478–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leoni, S.; Sansone, V.; De Lorenzo, S.; Ielasi, L.; Tovoli, F.; Renzulli, M.; Golfieri, R.; Spinelli, D.; Piscaglia, F. Treatment of Combined Hepatocellular and Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers 2020, 12, 794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Uenishi, T.; Hirohashi, K.; Shuto, T.; Yamamoto, T.; Kubo, S.; Tanaka, H.; Ikebe, T.; Kinoshita, H. Surgery for mixed hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2000, 47, 832–834. [Google Scholar]
- Azizi, A.A.; Hadjinicolaou, A.V.; Goncalves, C.; Duckworth, A.; Basu, B. Update on the Genetics of and System-ic Therapy Options for Combined Hepatocellular Cholangiocarcinoma. Front Oncol. 2020, 10, 570958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kassahun, W.T.; Hauss, J. Management of combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma. Int. J. Clin. Pr. 2008, 62, 1271–1278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stavraka, C.; Rush, H.; Ross, P. Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (CHC): An update of genetics, molecular biology, and therapeutic interventions. J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma 2018, 6, 11–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fowler, K.; Saad, N.E.; Brunt, E.M.; Doyle, M.B.M.; Amin, M.; Vachharajani, N.; Tan, B.; Chapman, W.C. Biphenotypic Primary Liver Carcinomas: Assessing Outcomes of Hepatic Directed Therapy. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2015, 22, 4130–4137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, Y.-H.; Hwang, S.; Ahn, C.-S.; Kim, K.-H.; Moon, D.-B.; Ha, T.-Y.; Song, G.-W.; Jung, D.-H.; Park, G.-C.; Namgoong, J.-M.; et al. Long-Term Outcome of Liver Transplantation for Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma. Transplant. Proc. 2013, 45, 3038–3040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trikalinos, N.A.; Zhou, A.; Doyle, M.B.M.; Fowler, K.J.; Morton, A.; Vachharajani, N.; Amin, M.; Keller, J.W.; Chapman, W.C.; Brunt, E.M.; et al. Systemic Therapy for Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma: A Single-Institution Experience. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. 2018, 16, 1193–1199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schizas, D.; Mastoraki, A.; Routsi, E.; Papapanou, M.; Tsapralis, D.; Vassiliu, P.; Toutouzas, K.; Felekouras, E. Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: An update on epidemiology, classification, diagnosis and management. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. 2020, 19, 515–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Q.; Yu, W.-L.; Lu, X.-Y.; Dong, H.; Gu, Y.-J.; Sheng, X.; Cong, W.-M.; Wu, M.-C. Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma originating from the same clone: A pathomolecular evidence-based study. Chin. J. Cancer 2016, 35, 82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gera, S.; Ettel, M.; Acosta-Gonzalez, G.; Xu, R. Clinical features, histology, and histogenesis of combined hepa-tocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. World J. Hepatol. 2017, 9, 300–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Y.-M.; Sui, C.-J.; Zhang, X.-F.; Li, B.; Yang, J.-M. Influence of cirrhosis on long-term prognosis after surgery in patients with combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017, 17, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wang, A.-Q.; Zheng, Y.-C.; Du, J.; Zhu, C.-P.; Huang, H.-C.; Wang, S.-S.; Wu, L.-C.; Wan, X.-S.; Zhang, H.-H.; Miao, R.-Y.; et al. Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma: Controversies to be addressed. World J. Gastroenterol. 2016, 22, 4459–4465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spolverato, G.; Bagante, F.; Tsilimigras, D.I.; Ejaz, A.; Cloyd, J.; Pawlik, T.M. Management and outcomes among patients with mixed hepatocholangiocellular carcinoma: A population-based analysis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2018, 119, 278–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wachtel, M.S.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, T.; Chiriva-Internati, M.; Frezza, E.E. Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarci-nomas; analysis of a large database. Clin. Med. Pathol. 2008, 1, 43–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sasaki, M.; Sato, H.; Kakuda, Y.; Sato, Y.; Choi, J.H.; Nakanuma, Y. Clinicopathological significance of ‘subtypes with stem-cell feature’ in combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Int. 2015, 35, 1024–1035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagtegaal, I.D.; Odze, R.D.; Klimstra, D.; Paradis, V.; Rugge, M.; Schirmacher, P.; Washington, M.K.; Carneiro, F.; Cree, I.A.; The WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Histopathology 2020, 76, 182–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Joseph, N.M.; Tsokos, C.G.; Umetsu, S.E.; Shain, A.H.; Kelley, R.K.; Onodera, C.; Bowman, S.; Talevich, E.; Ferrell, L.D.; Kakar, S.; et al. Genomic profiling of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma reveals similar genetics to hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Pathol. 2019, 248, 164–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, Y.M.; Zhang, X.F.; Wu, L.P.; Sui, C.J.; Yang, J.M. Risk factors for combined hepatocellu-lar-cholangiocarcinoma: A hospital-based case-control study. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014, 20, 12615–12620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Satiya, J.; Schwartz, I.; Tabibian, J.H.; Kumar, V.; Girotra, M. Ablative therapies for hepatic and biliary tumors: Endohepatology coming of age. Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020, 5, 15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vasuri, F.; Golfieri, R.; Fiorentino, M.; Capizzi, E.; Renzulli, M.; Pinna, A.D.; Grigioni, W.F.; D’Errico-Grigioni, A. OATP 1B1/1B3 expression in hepatocellular carcinomas treated with orthotopic liver transplantation. Virchows Arch. 2011, 459, 141–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Llovet, J.M.; Real, M.I.; Montaña, X.; Planas, R.; Coll, S.; Aponte, J.; Ayuso, C.; Sala, M.; Muchart, J.; Solà, R.; et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus sympto-matic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 359, 1734–1739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okada, S. Local Ablation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Semin. Liver Dis. 1999, 19, 323–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dick, E.A.; Taylor-Robinson, S.D.; Thomas, H.C.; Gedroyc, W.M.W. Ablative therapy for liver tumours. Gut 2002, 50, 733–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Na, S.K.; Choi, G.H.; Lee, H.C.; Shin, Y.M.; An, J.; Lee, D.; Shim, J.H.; Kim, K.M.; Lim, Y.S.; Chung, Y.H.; et al. The effectiveness of transarterial chemoembolization in recurrent hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma after resection. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0198138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.H.; Yoon, H.K.; Ko, G.Y.; Gwon, D.I.; Jang, C.S.; Song, H.Y.; Shin, J.H.; Sung, K.B. Nonresectable combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma: Analysis of the response and prognostic factors after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Radiology 2010, 255, 270–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giannini, E.G.; Moscatelli, A.; Pellegatta, G.; Vitale, A.; Farinati, F.; Ciccarese, F.; Piscaglia, F.; Rapaccini, G.L.; Di Marco, M.; Caturelli, E.; et al. Application of the Intermediate-Stage Subclassification to Pa-tients With Untreated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2016, 111, 70–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, D.; Nagano, H.; Nakamura, M.; Wada, H.; Marubashi, S.; Miyamoto, A.; Takeda, Y.; Umeshita, K.; Dono, K.; Monden, M. Clinical and pathological features of Allen’s type C classification of resected combined hepato-cellular and cholangiocarcinoma: A comparative study with hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocellular carcinoma. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2006, 10, 987–998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, E.J.; Yoo, C.; Kang, H.J.; Kim, K.-P.; Ryu, M.-H.; Park, S.R.; Lee, D.; Choi, J.; Shim, J.H.; Kim, K.M.; et al. Clinical outcomes of systemic therapy in patients with unresectable or metastatic combined hepatocellu-lar-cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Int. 2020, 41, 1398–1408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olnes, M.J.; Erlich, R. A Review and Update on Cholangiocarcinoma. Oncology 2004, 66, 167–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Todoroki, T.; Ohara, K.; Kawamoto, T.; Koike, N.; Yoshida, S.; Kashiwagi, H.; Otsuka, M.; Fukao, K. Benefits of adjuvant radiotherapy after radical resection of locally advanced main hepatic duct carcinoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. 2000, 46, 581–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, L.S.; Sze, D.Y.; Poultsides, G.A.; Louie, J.D.; Abdelrazek Mohammed, M.A.; Wang, D.S. Yttrium-90 Radi-oembolization for Unresectable Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2017, 40, 1383–1391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kajanti, M.; Pyrhönen, S. Epirubicin-Sequential Methotrexate-5-Fluorouracil-Leucovorin Treatment in Advanced Cancer of the Extrahepatic Biliary System. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994, 17, 223–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takada, T.; Kato, H.; Matsushiro, T.; Nimura, Y.; Nagakawa, T.; Nakayama, T. Comparison of 5-Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin and Mitomycin C with 5-Fluorouracil Alone in the Treatment of Pancreatic-Biliary Carcinomas. Oncology 1994, 51, 396–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Connell, L.C.; Harding, J.J.; Lowery, M.A.; Kemeny, N.E.; Cercek, A.; Abdelgawad, M.I.; O’Reilly, E.M.; Saltz, L.; Abou-Alfa, G.K. Platinum-based combination therapy (PCT) and outcomes for patients (pts) with mixed hepa-tocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (mHCC/ICC). J. Clin. Oncol. 2015, 33, e15146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Renzulli, M.; Ramai, D.; Singh, J.; Sinha, S.; Brandi, N.; Ierardi, A.M.; Albertini, E.; Sacco, R.; Facciorusso, A.; Golfieri, R. Locoregional Treatments in Cholangiocarcinoma and Combined Hepatocellular Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers 2021, 13, 3336. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133336
Renzulli M, Ramai D, Singh J, Sinha S, Brandi N, Ierardi AM, Albertini E, Sacco R, Facciorusso A, Golfieri R. Locoregional Treatments in Cholangiocarcinoma and Combined Hepatocellular Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers. 2021; 13(13):3336. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133336
Chicago/Turabian StyleRenzulli, Matteo, Daryl Ramai, Jameel Singh, Samridhi Sinha, Nicolò Brandi, Anna Maria Ierardi, Elisa Albertini, Rodolfo Sacco, Antonio Facciorusso, and Rita Golfieri. 2021. "Locoregional Treatments in Cholangiocarcinoma and Combined Hepatocellular Cholangiocarcinoma" Cancers 13, no. 13: 3336. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13133336