Impact of the Tumor Microenvironment on Tumor Heterogeneity and Consequences for Cancer Cell Plasticity and Stemness
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Cancer Cell Plasticity and CSCs
3. Epigenetic Reprogramming of CSCs
4. Regulatory Effects of the TME and Its Cellular Components on CSCs
4.1. The Effect of Inflammation and Hypoxia on CSC Plasticity
4.2. The Effects of Stromal Cells of the TME on Cancer Cell EMT and Plasticity
4.2.1. CAFs and TAMs in EMT and Tumors
4.2.2. MSC Origin and Role in Tumors
4.3. Cancer Cell Fusion and CSC Plasticity
5. Exploiting Cancer Cell Plasticity for Improving Therapeutic Success
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADM | acinar-to-ductal metaplasia |
CAFs | cancer-associated fibroblasts |
CSCs | cancer stem cells |
CSCN | cancer stem cell niche |
CTCs | circulating tumor cells |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
E/M | epithelial/mesenchymal |
EZH2 | enhancer of zeste homolog 2 |
EMT | epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
MET | mesenchymal-epithelial transition |
MSC | mesenchymal stroma/stem-like cells |
PDAC | pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma |
PHSP | post-hybrid selection process |
PRC2 | polycomb repressor complex 2 |
TAMs | tumor-associated macrophages |
TFs | transcription factors |
TICs | tumor-initiating cells |
TME | tumor microenvironment |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
Zeb1/2 | zinc finger E-box-binding 1/2 |
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Hass, R.; von der Ohe, J.; Ungefroren, H. Impact of the Tumor Microenvironment on Tumor Heterogeneity and Consequences for Cancer Cell Plasticity and Stemness. Cancers 2020, 12, 3716. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123716
Hass R, von der Ohe J, Ungefroren H. Impact of the Tumor Microenvironment on Tumor Heterogeneity and Consequences for Cancer Cell Plasticity and Stemness. Cancers. 2020; 12(12):3716. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123716
Chicago/Turabian StyleHass, Ralf, Juliane von der Ohe, and Hendrik Ungefroren. 2020. "Impact of the Tumor Microenvironment on Tumor Heterogeneity and Consequences for Cancer Cell Plasticity and Stemness" Cancers 12, no. 12: 3716. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123716