Liposome-Encapsulated Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Cell Wall Skeleton Enhances Antitumor Efficiency for Bladder Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo via Induction of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Physical Characteristics of CWS-Loaded Formulations
2.2. CWS-Loaded Formulations Inhibit the Growth of Bladder Cancer Cells
2.3. CWS-Loaded Formulations Inhibit the mTOR Pathway and Induce the Initiation of Autophagy through AMPK Activation
2.4. CWS-Loaded Formulations Increase ROS Accumulation and ER Stress through AMPK Activation in Bladder Cancer Cells
2.5. CWS-Loaded Formulations Induce Tumor Regression in an Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Mouse Model
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture and Antibodies
4.2. Preparation of the CWS-Loaded Liposomal Formulations
4.2.1. Preparation of CWS-Nano-CL
4.2.2. Preparation of CWS-Nano-CL-Chitosan
4.2.3. Particle Size and Zeta Potential (ZP) Analysis
4.2.4. Entrapment Efficiency (EE) of the BCG-CWS Liposomal Formulations
4.2.5. Chitosan Coating Efficiency
4.2.6. Colloidal Stability of Liposomal Formulations
4.2.7. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
4.3. Cell Viability and Clonogenic Assays
4.4. Western Blot Analysis
4.5. ROS Accumulation and ROS/RNS Production
4.6. Animal Studies
4.7. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Formulation Liposome Composition (mol ratio) | Empty-CL | CWS-Nano-CL | CWS-Nano-CL-chitosan |
---|---|---|---|
PC | 90 | 90 | 90 |
CH | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Physical properties | |||
Size (nm) | 185.1 ± 0.19 | 187.2 ± 0.19 | 196.33 ± 0.34 |
PDI | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.16 ± 0.03 |
ZP (mV) | −8.26 ± 0.17 | −8.31 ± 0.37 | 33.17 ± 0.24 |
EE (%) | 60.15 ± 0.28 | 58.25 ± 0.31 | |
DL | 219.87 ± 4.69 | 217.91 ± 3.29 |
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Whang, Y.M.; Yoon, D.H.; Hwang, G.Y.; Yoon, H.; Park, S.I.; Choi, Y.W.; Chang, I.H. Liposome-Encapsulated Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Cell Wall Skeleton Enhances Antitumor Efficiency for Bladder Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo via Induction of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Cancers 2020, 12, 3679. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123679
Whang YM, Yoon DH, Hwang GY, Yoon H, Park SI, Choi YW, Chang IH. Liposome-Encapsulated Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Cell Wall Skeleton Enhances Antitumor Efficiency for Bladder Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo via Induction of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Cancers. 2020; 12(12):3679. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123679
Chicago/Turabian StyleWhang, Young Mi, Da Hyeon Yoon, Gwang Yong Hwang, Hoyub Yoon, Serk In Park, Young Wook Choi, and In Ho Chang. 2020. "Liposome-Encapsulated Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Cell Wall Skeleton Enhances Antitumor Efficiency for Bladder Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo via Induction of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase" Cancers 12, no. 12: 3679. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123679