Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) Is Highly Expressed in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Enhances Breast Tumor Progression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Aberrant High PDE5 Expression in the Stroma Is Associated with Breast Cancer Progression
2.2. PDE5 Overexpression Activates Fibroblasts towards a Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Phenotype
2.3. CXCL16 Mediates the Tumor Promoting Effects of PDE5-Overexpressing Fibroblasts
2.4. Association of PDE5 and CXCL16 in the Stroma of Breast Cancer Patients
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents, Antibodies, and Plasmids
4.2. Isolation and Culture of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Normal Fibroblasts
4.3. Cell Cultures
4.4. Conditioned Medium Systems
4.5. Real-Time RT-PCR Assays
4.6. Immunoblot Analysis
4.7. Cell Proliferation Assays
4.8. Wound Healing Assays
4.9. Boyden Chamber Transmigration Assays
4.10. Boyden Chamber Invasion Assays
4.11. Fluorescence Microscopy
4.12. Phalloidin Staining
4.13. Mouse Cytokine Array
4.14. CXCL16 Measurement by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
4.15. ‘In Vivo’ Experiments
4.16. Histopathological Analysis
4.17. Immunohistochemical Analysis
4.18. Analysis of Human Stroma Gene Expression Data
4.19. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalano, S.; Panza, S.; Augimeri, G.; Giordano, C.; Malivindi, R.; Gelsomino, L.; Marsico, S.; Giordano, F.; Győrffy, B.; Bonofiglio, D.; et al. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) Is Highly Expressed in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Enhances Breast Tumor Progression. Cancers 2019, 11, 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11111740
Catalano S, Panza S, Augimeri G, Giordano C, Malivindi R, Gelsomino L, Marsico S, Giordano F, Győrffy B, Bonofiglio D, et al. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) Is Highly Expressed in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Enhances Breast Tumor Progression. Cancers. 2019; 11(11):1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11111740
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatalano, Stefania, Salvatore Panza, Giuseppina Augimeri, Cinzia Giordano, Rocco Malivindi, Luca Gelsomino, Stefania Marsico, Francesca Giordano, Balázs Győrffy, Daniela Bonofiglio, and et al. 2019. "Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) Is Highly Expressed in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Enhances Breast Tumor Progression" Cancers 11, no. 11: 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11111740