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Micromachines
Volume 16
Issue 7
10.3390/mi16070726
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Parametric Rule-Based Intelligent System (PRISM) for Design and Analysis of High-Strength Separable Microneedles

by
Sanghwi Ju
1,2,3,†,
Seung-hyun Im
3,†,
Kyungsun Seo
4,
Junhyeok Lee
3,
Seokjae Kim
3,
Tongil Park
3,
Taeksu Lee
3,
Byungjeon Kang
1,2,3,5,
Jayoung Kim
3,6,
Ryong Sung
4,*,
Jong-Oh Park
3,* and
Doyeon Bang
1,2,3,5,*
1
Graduate School of Data Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
2
Robot Research Initiative, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
3
Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43–26, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208-beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
4
Fint Korea Inc., 60–7 Nanosandan 5-ro, Nam-myeon, Jangseong-gun 57248, Republic of Korea
5
Department of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
6
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Micromachines 2025, 16(7), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16070726 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 13 May 2025 / Revised: 12 June 2025 / Accepted: 15 June 2025 / Published: 21 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section D3: 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Transdermal microneedle systems have received great attention due to their minimally invasive way of delivering biomolecules through the skin with reduced pain. However, designing high-strength separable microneedles, which enable easy skin penetration and easy patch detachment, is challenging. Here, we present a Parametric Rule-based Intelligent System (PRISM), which generates the design of and analyzes high-strength separable microneedles. The PRISM platform integrates parametric 3D modeling, geometry-based structural analysis, and high-resolution micro-3D printing for the creation of high-strength separable microneedles. We fabricated prototype microneedle arrays via microscale stereolithographic printing (pµSL) and demonstrated separation of microneedle tips in a skin-mimicking phantom sample. Mechanical testing showed that the suggested design achieved 2.13 ± 0.51 N axial resistance and 73.92 ± 34.77 mN shear fracture force; this surpasses that of conventional designs. Finally, an experiment using a skin-mimicking artificial phantom sample confirmed that only the PRISM-designed separable microneedles could have been inserted and separated at the target depth, whereas conventional designs failed to detach. This approach addresses the development of microneedle systems, which achieve both robust skin phantom penetration and reliable separable delivery, presenting an efficient development tool in transdermal drug delivery technology.
Keywords: separable microneedles; parametric design; micro-3D printing; mechanical strength; drug delivery separable microneedles; parametric design; micro-3D printing; mechanical strength; drug delivery

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ju, S.; Im, S.-h.; Seo, K.; Lee, J.; Kim, S.; Park, T.; Lee, T.; Kang, B.; Kim, J.; Sung, R.; et al. Parametric Rule-Based Intelligent System (PRISM) for Design and Analysis of High-Strength Separable Microneedles. Micromachines 2025, 16, 726. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16070726

AMA Style

Ju S, Im S-h, Seo K, Lee J, Kim S, Park T, Lee T, Kang B, Kim J, Sung R, et al. Parametric Rule-Based Intelligent System (PRISM) for Design and Analysis of High-Strength Separable Microneedles. Micromachines. 2025; 16(7):726. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16070726

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ju, Sanghwi, Seung-hyun Im, Kyungsun Seo, Junhyeok Lee, Seokjae Kim, Tongil Park, Taeksu Lee, Byungjeon Kang, Jayoung Kim, Ryong Sung, and et al. 2025. "Parametric Rule-Based Intelligent System (PRISM) for Design and Analysis of High-Strength Separable Microneedles" Micromachines 16, no. 7: 726. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16070726

APA Style

Ju, S., Im, S.-h., Seo, K., Lee, J., Kim, S., Park, T., Lee, T., Kang, B., Kim, J., Sung, R., Park, J.-O., & Bang, D. (2025). Parametric Rule-Based Intelligent System (PRISM) for Design and Analysis of High-Strength Separable Microneedles. Micromachines, 16(7), 726. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16070726

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