Cashew Gum: A Review of Brazilian Patents and Pharmaceutical Applications with a Special Focus on Nanoparticles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Natural Polymers
2.1. Gums
2.1.1. Cashew Gum
2.1.2. Applications of Cashew Gum in the Development of Micro- and Nanoparticles
Variation of CG | Polymers | Encapsulated Bioactive | Method | Size | Objective | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG carboxymethylated | Chitosan | Bovine serum albumin | Nanoprecipitation | 500–580 μm | Albumin release due to swelling behavior. | [63] |
CG copolymerized | Acrylic acid | - | Self-embedding copolymerization | 71–603 nm | Prepare CG particles and acrylic acid and evaluate the responsive pH behavior. | [68] |
CG | Chitosan | Lippia menosides essential oil | Emulsion | 1.50–1.56 mm | Larvicidal activity. | [69] |
CG | Chitosan | Lippia menosides essential oil | Emulsion | 219–674 nm | Effects of spray-drying and the concentration of polymers in the preparation of particles. | [70] |
CG | Alginate | Lippia menosides essential oil | Emulsion | 223–399 nm | Effects of spray-drying and the concentration of polymers in the preparation of the particles. | [64] |
CG acetylated | - | Lippia menosides indomethacin | Self-assembly | 140–179 nm | Evaluation of the release profile of the produced particle confirming its application in drug release. | [71] |
CG | Inulin | Ginger essential oil | Emulsion | 13.43–18.52 μm | To evaluate the influence of CG and inulin, in powder particles, in order to obtain functional products with ginger essential oil. | [72] |
CG copolymerized | N-isopropylacrylamide (97%) | - | Radical polymerization | 11–23 nm | Copolymerize the cashew gum in order to make it sensitive to stimuli for the purpose of drug administration. | [73] |
CG | Type B gelatin | Carotenoid | Emulsion | 113 μm 23–42.4 μm | Encapsulate astaxanthin in the polymer particle without the use of solvents. | [66] |
CG acetylated | - | Diclofenac diethylamine | Nanoprecipitation/Dialysis | 79.32 nm/ 302 nm | Encapsulate the drug using different methodologies and compare them, in order to develop a transdermal delivery device. | [74] |
CG | - | Omega 3 | Emulsion | 29.9 μm | Substitute potential for CG in the encapsulation of Omega 3. | [55] |
CG | Maltodextrin | Green tea leaf extracts | Emulsion | 2.50–3.64 μm | Develop alternative microcapsules of green tea extract for the food industry for health benefits. | [75] |
CG | - | D-limonene | Emulsion | 17–26.01 μm | Evaluate the effects of high dynamic pressure (APD) on emulsifying and encapsulating characteristics of CG. | [76] |
CG acetylated | Monobasic sodium phosphate, bibasic sodium phosphate and sodium lauryl sulfate | Amphotericin B | Self-assembly | 50–900 nm | To investigate the influence of temperature, time and proportion of the acetylating agent on the acetylation of cashew gum as well as the influence of the degree of substitution of derivatives on their properties. | [77] |
CG | Poly (L-lactide) | Amphotericin B | Nanoprecipitation and Pickering Emulsion | 100–3500 nm | Combine different particle production methodologies to encapsulate amphotericin B and improve its oral absorption, enhancing the treatment of leishmaniasis. | [78] |
CG acetylated | - | Epi-isopiloturine | Dialysis | 107–156 nm | Increase the solubility of the alkaloid and enable its controlled release. | [79] |
CG acetylated | - | Indomethacin | Pickering emulsion | 263.7–325 nm | Evaluate the points that make it possible to develop CG particles acetylated by Pickering Emulsion without surfactant, with and without Indomethacin. | [80] |
CG | Gelatin | Green coffee oil | Complex coacervation | 13.9–25.7 μm | Produce green coffee oil microcapsules by complex coacervation for addition to juices. | [81] |
CG copolymerized | L-Lactide | Amphotericin B | Dialysis | 223–233 nm | Produce copolymerized CG particles by dialysis to encapsulate amphotericin B and compare with previous study. | [82] |
CG | Potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) trihydrate and iron (III) chloride | - | Nanoprecipitation | 63.5–85.0 nm | Develop a hybrid nanomaterial (Prussian Blue + CG (used to stabilize the matrix)) to act as an electrochemical sensor for the oxidation of some drugs. | [83] |
CG Carboxymethylated | Cashew gum and carboxymethylated | cashew gum | Green synthesis | 100.9–144.7 nm | Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles based on cashew gum and carboxymethylated cashew gum. | [67] |
3. Cashew Gum Patent Perspectives in Brazil
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of Gum | Pharmaceutical Applications | Food Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|
Agar | Compound for suppository, suspension and emulsification, disintegrant, lubricant and laxative. | Dairy, meat and confectionery products. | [25,26] |
Arabic | Suspending agent, emulsifying agent, binder in tablets, emollient in cosmetics, osmotic drug delivery. | Chocolate, beverages and soft drinks. | [27,28,29] |
Carrageenan | Gelling agent, stabilizer in emulsions and suspensions, toothpaste, demulcent and laxative. | Ice cream, milk shake mixes, cream cheese, dairy desserts and chocolate milks. | [30,31,32] |
Ghatti | Binder, emulsifier, suspending agent. | Dressings, processed cheese and beverages. | [33,34] |
Guar | Binder, disintegrant, thickening agent, emulsifier, laxative, sustained release agent, colon-targeted drug delivery, cross-linked microspheres. | Drinks, sauces, soups, ketchups and mayonnaises. | [35,36,37,38] |
Karaya | Suspending agent, emulsifying agent, dental adhesive, sustaining agent in tablets, bulk laxative, mucoadhesive. | Cheese spreads, and as a binder for low-calorie, dough-based products such as pasta and bread. | [39,40,41] |
Locust bean | Thickener, stabilizer and controlled release agent, formulation of oral delivery systems based on tablets, hydrogels and multiparticulate systems. | Ice cream, bakery products, edible films/coating, hot-prepared sauces, soups, dressings, ketchups and mayonnaise. | [33,42,43] |
Tragacanth | Suspending agent, emulsifying agent, demulcent, emollient in cosmetics and sustained release agent. | Salad dressings, bakery emulsions, fruit beverages and sauces. | [44,45] |
Xanthan | Suspending agent, emulsifier, stabilizer in toothpaste, ointments, sustained release agent, buccal drug delivery system. | Ice creams, pasteurized process cheese dips, frozen desserts and beverages. | [46,47,48] |
Inventor | Request | Deposit | Title | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Federal University of Pernambuco | BR 10 2018 014996 2 | 23/07/2018 | Micro and nanoparticles of acetyled cashew gum biopolymer for pharmaceutical delivery. | [90] |
Goiás Federal University | BR 10 2017 020813 3 | 28/09/2017 | Biodegradable plastic based on cashew gum for application as packaging for dehydrated commercial products. | [91] |
Federal University of Piauí | BR 10 2017 012139 9 | 08/06/2017 | Porous matrix developed based on chitosan and polysaccharide exudate from Anacardium occidentale L. modified with phthalic anhydride for cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells. | [92] |
Goiás Federal University | BR 10 2017 007322 | 10/04/2017 | Water-soluble nanoporous solid foam for controlled release of drugs into mucous membranes. | [93] |
Cheila Gonçalves Mothé | BR 10 2016 027801 5 | 25/11/2016 | Chocolate food compositions containing cashew gum, in bars, bonbons and powdered chocolate, useful as functional and nutraceutical food. | [94] |
Federal University of Ceará | BR 10 2016 018308 1 | 09/08/2016 | Nanoencapsulated waste from the fruit processing industry in a polyelectrolytic matrix of cashew gum and chitosan for use as a coating on minimally processed fruits. | [95] |
Federal University of Ceará | BR 10 2016 002436 6 | 03/02/2016 | Encapsulation of green tea (Camellia Sinensis) by “spray dryer” with cashew gum / maltodextrin. | [96] |
Federal University of Pernambuco / Federal University of Piauí | BR 10 2015 027337 1 | 28/10/2015 | Mucoadhesive polymer blend for prolonged drug release. | [97] |
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul | BR 10 2015 005684 2 | 13/03/2015 | Process of obtaining a biodegradable flocculant from cashew gum and its use for water and effluent treatment. | [98] |
Federal University of Pernambuco / University of São Paulo | BR 10 2014 014009 3 | 10/06/2014 | Hydrogel based on natural polysaccharides, processes and uses. | [99] |
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development | PI 0404265-4 | 29/09/2004 | Superabsorbent hydrogels made from modified cashew gum and acrylamide. | [100] |
Mineral Technology Center | PI 0304986-8 | 15/09/2003 | Process for using cashew gum as a depressant in flotation of limestone minerals. | [101] |
Cheila Gonçalves Mothé | PI 0004114-9 | 12/09/2000 | Process of obtaining purified cashew gum and composition of purified cashew gum. | [102] |
Federal University of Ceará | PI 9005645-0 | 31/10/1990 | Isolation method of cashew gum (Anacardium occidentale L.). | [103] |
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Amaral, R.G.; de Andrade, L.R.M.; Andrade, L.N.; Loureiro, K.C.; Souto, E.B.; Severino, P. Cashew Gum: A Review of Brazilian Patents and Pharmaceutical Applications with a Special Focus on Nanoparticles. Micromachines 2022, 13, 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13071137
Amaral RG, de Andrade LRM, Andrade LN, Loureiro KC, Souto EB, Severino P. Cashew Gum: A Review of Brazilian Patents and Pharmaceutical Applications with a Special Focus on Nanoparticles. Micromachines. 2022; 13(7):1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13071137
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmaral, Ricardo G., Lucas R. Melo de Andrade, Luciana N. Andrade, Kahynna C. Loureiro, Eliana B. Souto, and Patrícia Severino. 2022. "Cashew Gum: A Review of Brazilian Patents and Pharmaceutical Applications with a Special Focus on Nanoparticles" Micromachines 13, no. 7: 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13071137